While the effects of legal and institutional arrangements on political participation are well documented, little attention has been given to the potential participatory effects of one of the United States’ most important electoral laws: constitutionally mandated reapportionment. By severing the ties between constituents and their incumbents, we argue, redistricting raises information costs, lea...

The concept of off-diagonal geometric phases for mixed quantal states in unitary evolution is developed. We show that these phases arise from three basic ideas: (1) fulfillment of quantum parallel transport of a complete basis, (2) a concept of mixed state orthogonality adapted to unitary evolution, and (3) a normalization condition. We provide a method for computing the off-diagonal mixed stat...

This paper introduces a new concept in RF MEMS switches intended for high RF signal power applications at millimetre-wave operation. The novel SPST switch architecture employs electrothermal hydraulic microactuators. Out-of-plane silicon levers, having spring action and latching mechanisms, have been designed to create an OFF-state gap separation distance of 250 μm between ohmic contact electro...

This paper signifies a very basic design and simulation techniques of RF MEMS switches using the advanced design systems software tool (ADS).Micro electro mechanical systems are recent development technologies which has better characteristics performance and also operating at microwave range of frequencies. Fundamentally MEMS switches can be categorized into two types series switches (ohmic typ...

suspension system is one of the most important factors in provision of ride comfort and dynamic stability in any vehicle. meanwhile the suspension systems of tracked vehicles, due to their continuous track, have particular specification in comparison with other vehicles. this specification causes tracked vehicles having an improved dynamic stability in off-road maneuvers compared to vehicles wi...

The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an N configuration is studied under both resonant and off-resonant conditions. In a certain off-resonant condition the dark state of the four level system, which is almost the same as the resonant dark state in Λ configuration, is rebuilt. The actual system with damping is examined using optical Bloch equation, both numerically and analytica...

On-off intermittent chaotic behavior occurs in physical systems with symmetry. The phenomenon refers to the situation where one or more physical variables exhibit two distinct states in their time evolution. One is the ‘‘off’’ state where the physical variables remain constant, and the other is the ‘‘on’’ state where the variables temporarily burst out of the ‘‘off’’ state. We demonstrate that ...

Thermally reversible photomagnetic (ON/OFF) switching behavior has been observed in a dinuclear oxamatocopper(II) anthracenophane upon UV light irradiation and heating; the two Cu(II) ions (S(Cu) = 1/2) that are antiferromagnetically coupled in the dicopper(II) metallacyclic precursor (ON state) become uncoupled in the corresponding [4+4] photocycloaddition product (OFF state), as substantiated...

this article investigates the possibility context of the unveiling genesis (taking off the hijab, i. e. the islamic veil) in iran and elucidates the dynamics possibility of the first attempt to unveil. an archaeological method of foucaultian approach is adopted to reach this goal. the article demonstrates that “unveiling” is one of the implications of modernity and should be considered in light...

Uhlmann’s concept of quantum holonomy for paths of density operators is generalised to the off-diagonal case providing insight into the geometry of state space when the Uhlmann holonomy is undefined. Comparison with previous off-diagonal geometric phase definitions is carried out and an example comprising the transport of a Bell-state mixture is given.