Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neuropsychiatric disorder, is characterized by neuroinflammation, β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been demonstrated that systemic inflammation neuroinflammation caused lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections in rodents leads to elevation Aβ levels neuronal cell death, finally resulting cognitive impairment.
 Methods: Ani...

background and objective: a huge amount of investigational evidence support a role for oxidative stress as an intermediary of nerve cell dysfunction in parkinson’s disease (pd). polyphenols such as carvacrol have been indicated to prevent neuronal deterioration caused by increased oxidative load, thus, this study evaluated whether carvacrol administration would attenuate behavioral abnormalitie...

introduction: the functional effects of orexin-b on the calcium spikes and excitability of the neuronal soma membrane of garden snail, helix aspersa were studied. methods: conventional intracellular recording, under the current clamp conditions was performed to examine the effects of orexin-b on the configuration and electrophysiological properties of calcium spikes. results: application of ore...

it is an intensive 1-day course for introducing utilizing transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) in an applied format. this technique is a noninvasive brain stimulation that uses direct electrical currents over the head to stimulate specific parts of the brain which modulates neuronal activity. it has strong potentiality in the field of medical and neuroscientific research. anodal stimu...

Background and Objective: Deprenyl is a drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, where the dopaminergic neurons are the target of this drug. Several reports also documented that deprenyl has an effect on the sensory and motor neurons. There are some reports about the mode of action of deprenyl on m...

Transforming growth factor betas (TGF?s) are one of the most widespread and versatile cytokines. The three mammalian TGF? isoforms, ?1, ?2, and ?3, and their receptors regulate proliferation of neuronal precursors as well as survival and differentiation in neurons of developing and adult nervous system. Functions of TGF?s has a wide spectrum ranging from regulating cell proliferation and differ...

Autografls offer distinct advantages over neural grafts of non-self origin. While adrenal chromaffin cells (ACC) have been used extensively in grafts to the CNS, their potential for neuronal differentiation has been underutilized. ACC are mitotically active, multipotential neuronal progenitors that respond to instructive differentiation signals by adopting any of several neuronal phenotypes. Fo...

Direct conversion of mammalian fibroblasts into induced neuronal (iN) cells has been attained by forced expression of pro-neural transcriptional factors, or by combining defined factors with either microRNAs or small molecules. Here, we show that neuronal cells can be converted from postnatal human fibroblasts into cell populations with neuronal purities of up to >80% using a combination of six...

Hes1 is one of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate mammalian CNS development, and its loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes indicate that it negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. Here we report that Hes1(-/-) mice expressed both early (TuJ1 and Hu) and late (MAP2 and Neurofilament) neuronal markers prematurely, and that there were approximately twice the norm...