background and objective: today, opioids are used to control and relieve acute and chronic pain. however, the incidence of both tolerance and dependence phenomena for these drugs is a major problem. so, in this study, the combination effect of haloperidol and methadone on the acquisition and expression of morphine dependence and tolerance was examined.    materials and methods: ninety-eight mic...

long-term exposure to opiates induces physical dependence and tolerance. the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of dextromethorphan and midazolam and their combination on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. different groups of mice were rendered randomly and received morphine (50 mg/kg, sc), morphine (50 mg/kg, sc) + dextromethorphan (25,50 or 75 mg/kg, ip), morphine (50...

one of the most important behavioral aspects in relationship among the main members of marketing channel is the issue of power and dependence that here we have looked through the source of power and countervailing power and we have considered reputation independence, sale and profits and marketing role dependence. in this research relationship between the two main marketing channel members in h...

We perform a theoretical investigation on the Goos-Häenchen shift (the lateral shift) in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs) containing left-handed (LH) metamaterials. The effect was studied by use of a Gaussian beam. We show that the giant lateral displacement is due to the localization of the electromagnetic wave which can be both positive and negative depending on the incidence angle o...

background: chronic administration of morphine cause physical dependence but the exact mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. the aim of this study is the assessment of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ramelteon (a melatonin receptor agonist) on morphine physical dependence. methods: 88 adult male rats were divided into 2 major groups, namely “systematic” and ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test. DESIGN Criterion standard validation study comparing the score on the 6-item CRAFFT test with screening categories determined by a concurrently administered substance-use problem scale and a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview. Screening categories were "any problem" (ie, problem use, abuse, or dependenc...

We report on anomalous conductance in a resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction which is simultaneously driven by ac and dc currents. The dependence of the voltage across the junction on the frequency of the ac current shows windows of absolute negative conductance regimes, i.e. for a positive (negative) dc current, the voltage is negative (positive).

The focus of the research is the significance of dependence for communities to survive and adapt in times of environmental disasters. It shifts the emphasis on self-reliant communities for survival and examines the types and effects of dependence and external linkages by analyzing the range of community responses that include initial responses, early social impact, compensation, and conflicts a...

In previous papers, evolution of dependence and ageing, for vectors of non-negative random variables, have been separately considered. Some analogies between the two evolutions emerge however in those studies. In the present paper, we propose a unified approach, based on semigroup arguments, explaining the origin of such analogies and relations among properties of stochastic dependence and ageing.