Pipelines provide an economic fluid transportation mode for petroleum systems, especially when large amounts of petroleum derivatives have to be pumped for long distances. The system reported in this paper is composed by an oil refinery, one multiproduct pipeline connected to several depots and to the local consumer markets that receive large amounts of oil products. Extensive distances must be...

Introduction Petroleum refining utilize large quantities of water for desalting, distillation, thermal cracking, catalytic and treatment processes to produce useful products [liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, asphalt and petrochemical feedstock] 1-3. Refining process generates wastewater (0.4-1.6 times the volume of crude oil processed)4. Discharge of untreated petroleu...

a value chain is a series of events that takes a raw material and with each step adds value to it. global interest in the application of natural gas (ng) in production and transportation has grown dramatically, representing a long-term, low-cost, domestic, and secure alternative to petroleum-based fuels. many technological solutions are currently considered on the market or in development, whic...

(a) Interim Report: urgent measures that should be implemented to prevent harmful air pollutants (October 18, 1996). (b) Report No. 2: measures to reduce exhaust emissions from motor vehicles that utilize gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel, hereafter they are referred to as gasolineor LPG-fueled motor vehicles, respectively, and also special motor vehicles, which are the largeand...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: ETS: Emission Trading Scheme; PMR: Partnership for Market Readiness; ISEGP: Integrated Solar Energy Generation Project; IWEP: Integrated Wind Energy Project; NPAC: National Plan of Action again Climate Change; UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; NCCC: National Committee for Climate Change; REUNET: Renewable ...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: ETS: Emission Trading Scheme; PMR: Partnership for Market Readiness; ISEGP: Integrated Solar Energy Generation Project; IWEP: Integrated Wind Energy Project; NPAC: National Plan of Action again Climate Change; UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; NCCC: National Committee for Climate Change; REUNET: Renewable ...