In this paper, an analytical model based on Modified Slab Method is presented for rolling of clad sheet or double-layers in which the two layers are bounded prior to rolling. This model considers the general case of asymmetrical rolling due to unequal surface speed, different contact friction, roll diameters, flow stress, and thickness ratios of the two layers. Using this model, rolling param...

New opportunities for the refinement of ionospheric modelling and reduction of the ionospheric error in GPS measurements arise since a third-frequency will be introduced for the modernised GPS system. This paper investigates theoretical models of the ionospheric refractive error. A triple-frequency method of correcting the 1 and 2 order ionospheric refraction is presented and a triple-frequency...

Ionospheric delay is one of the largest and most variable sources of error for Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) users because inospheric activity is unpredictable. Under normal conditions, GBAS eliminates ionospheric delays, but during extreme ionospheric storms, GBAS users and GBAS ground facilities may experience different ionospheric delays, leading to considerable differential errors...

Numerical simulations of scintillation measurements within the NetLander Geodesy and Ionosphere Experiment (NEIGE) are presented. The multiple phase screen scintillation model is used, allowing for vertical variations of the background ionosphere (atmosphere) parameters. It is shown that ionospheric scintillation at 400 MHz is weak due to a small electron concentration and ionosphere thickness....

We calculate the guided band diagram of a metallic film with a one-dimensional periodic arrangement of cut-through subwavelength slits. We find that this system supports two distinct types of guided modes propagating in a direction perpendicular to the slits when the metal obeys a plasmonic dispersion model. The first type is a well-known surface mode. The second type results from the presence ...

This study evaluates the fire resistance performance (1–2h) of a reinforced concrete (RC) structure-void slab using a lightweight hollow sphere, which can reduce the unnecessary dynamic of removing the central concrete. For this experiment, we set up the depth of the concrete cover, live load, and span length as the factors. The result comes out with 50 mm cover depth of the RC structure hollow...

Multiple scattering of polarized electromagnetic waves in diffusive media is investigated by means of radiative transfer theory. This approach amounts to summing the ladder diagrams for the diffuse reflected or transmitted intensity, or the cyclical ones for the cone of enhanced backscattering. The method becomes exact in several situations of interest, such as a thick-slab experiment (slab thi...

Existence of a surface wave along the boundary between the semi-infinite materials, one of which is a free-space and the other is a material with either negative permeability or negative permittivity, is theoretically investigated. Surface waves exist in only limited combination of negative and positive signs of the material parameters. In addition, by analyzing the surface wave in a finite-thi...

A method is described for finding the optical properties (scattering, absorption, and scattering anisotropy) of a slab of turbid material by using total reflection, unscattered transmission, and total transmission measurements. This method is applicable to homogeneous turbid slabs with any optical thickness,albedo, or phase function. The slab may have a different index of refraction from its su...

A major error component of Global Positioning System (GPS) is the ionospheric delay. Ionopspheric error can be reduced by a dual frequency receiver using a linear combination technique that can not be applied with a single frequecy receiver. However, an accurate ionospheric error modeling for single-frequency receiver is required. Due to the nonlinearity of the ionospheric error, a highly nonli...