BACKGROUND: The development of effective drug delivery to the central nervous system still remains an important problem in pharmacology despite rapid a large number new treatment strategies recent years. Recently interest intranasal method as route has greatly increased because this administration allows bypass blood-brain barrier. There is not single fundamental study comparing intranasal, and...

In the present study, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B)-specific siRNA was applied in parkinsonian models. Our previous results showed that reduction in expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1), the key subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, by antisense oligos ameliorated the motor symptoms in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat, an animal model of Parkinson's dise...

Objective(s): Ethanol withdrawal following chronic use, is an important challenge clinically. In this study, the effect of clavulanic acid was evaluated on the symptoms of ethanol withdrawal in rats. Materials and Methods: Alcohol dependence was induced by the gavage of ethanol (10% v/v, 2 g/kg), twice daily for 10 days. Clavulanic acid ...

A 2005 TRC report presents imbalance response measurements of a hollow test rotor supported on bump-type gas foil bearings. The top speed of the tests is 25 krpm, the limit of the drive router motor. The 2005 measurements show the gas foil bearings are prone to subsynchronous whirl with amplitudes of motion exacerbated by the imbalance condition of the rotor, i.e. a forced nonlinearity. Present...

An imbalance in dopamine-mediated neurotransmission is a hallmark physiological feature of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent evidence demonstrates that dopamine D(2) receptors, which are the main target of antipsychotics, modulate the activity of the protein kinase Akt, which is known to be downregulated in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. Akt has an important r...

The use of image-guided interventional radiological techniques is increasing in prevalence and complexity. Imaging system developments have helped improve the information available to interventionalists to plan and guide procedures. Information on doses to patients resulting from alternative imaging techniques or protocols is useful for both the process of justifying particular procedures and i...

The neural substrates of motor programs are only well understood for small, dedicated circuits. Here we investigate how a motor program is constructed within a large network. We imaged populations of neurons in the Aplysia pedal ganglion during execution of a locomotion motor program. We found that the program was built from a very small number of dynamical building blocks, including both neura...