Analysis of zoogeographic, paleogeographic, and molecular data has shown that the ancestors many fresh- brackish-water cold-tolerant hydrobionts Mediterranean region Danube River basin likely originated in East Asia or Central Asia. The fish genera Gasterosteus, Hucho, Oxynoemacheilus, Salmo, Schizothorax are examples these groups among vertebrates, Magnibursatus (Trematoda), Margaritifera, Pot...

Elucidation of the genetic mechanisms convergent evolution, evolution similar or same phenotypes in phylogenetically independent lineages, helps predict how populations will respond to selective pressures. Convergent can be caused by either fixation identical-by-descent alleles, mutations at gene, different genes controlling trait. To what extent does alleles lead isolated where inflow adaptive...

Parallel evolution is considered strong evidence for natural selection. However, few studies have investigated the process of parallel selection as it plays out in real time. The common approach to study historical signatures populations already well adapted different environments. Here, document under conditions, we six threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) inhabiting bar-built estua...

The Clever Foraging Hypothesis asserts that organisms living in a more spatially complex environment will have a greater neurological capacity for cognitive processes related to spatial memory, navigation, and foraging. Because the telencephalon is often associated with spatial memory and navigation tasks, this hypothesis predicts a positive association between telencephalon size and environmen...