In the discussions of trading, unemployment and income distribution inequality, this question is raised by economists that in economic development of developing and developed countries, which policy is necessary in the first stage. Is trading liberalization the pre-requirement of transfer from a close economy to a relative open economy and is it necessary for the developed economy compared to o...

  There is a significant relationship between economic growth and the degree of urban concentration, as measured by primacy or the share of the largest city in an urban system. In accordance to urban economic theories, there is an inverse-U shape relationship between urban concentration –urban primacy- and economic growth. That is, as economy grows, urban concentration increases, approaches a...

While energy especially oil, crises and economic integration have been playing an important role indevelopment and growth in East West Asia economies and their intertwining relations, only limitedquantitative research on their impact has been carried out and reported for improved debate andcredible policy use. This paper uses an econometric modeling innovation with features superior toexisting ...

We construct a growth model consistent with China’s economic transition: high output growth, sustained returns on capital, reallocation within the manufacturing sector, and a large trade surplus. Entrepreneurial firms use more productive technologies, but due to financial imperfections they must finance investments through internal savings. State-owned firms have low productivity but survive be...

Brazil’s trade liberalization between 1990 and 1993, and its partial reversal in 1995, are used to study how trade affects productivity. The production function of Brazilian manufacturers is estimated at the SIC two-digit level under an extension of Olley and Pakes’ (1996) three-step procedure. Firm-level productivity is inferred and then related to trade in a causal analysis. Findings suggest ...

Brazil’s trade liberalization between 1990 and 1993, and its partial reversal in 1995, are used to study how reduced inward trade barriers affect productivity. The production function of Brazilian manufacturers is estimated at the ISIC3 two-digit level under various alternatives, including an extension of Olley and Pakes’ (1996) procedure. Firm-level productivity is inferred and then related to...

abstract:while energy especially oil, crises and economic integration have been playing an important role indevelopment and growth in east west asia economies and their intertwining relations, only limitedquantitative research on their impact has been carried out and reported for improved debate andcredible policy use. this paper uses an econometric modeling innovation with features superior to...