The secondary electron spectrum (SES) contains complex surface information and is widely used in analysis technology. A theoretical model of the SES for metals was proposed to reveal effect potential barrier on SES. In our model, an improved inner energy distribution established according free gas model. transmission coefficient electrons determined by solving density electronic states. Finally...

In a cool neutron star (T . 10 K) endowed with a rather high magnetic field (B & 10 G), a phase transition may occur in the outermost layers. As a consequence the neutron star becomes “bare”, i.e. no gaseous atmosphere sits on the top of the crust. The surface of a cooling, bare neutron star does not necessarily emit a blackbody spectrum because the emissivity is strongly suppressed at energies...

The authors use Fourier filtering techniques to eliminate multicycle interference patterns and reveal underlying subcycle structure in photoelectron momentum distributions produced by strong-field ionized atoms molecules.