Japan is one of the largest importers of wheat in the world, with imports originating from three countries, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Australia, Canada, and Japan all use a government single-desk agency to control wheat trade. Many previous studies on competition in the world grain trade have argued the market is imperfectly competitive, and they often point to the Japanese mark...

Service innovation management practice is currently being widely scrutinized mainly in the developed countries, where it has been initiated. The current study attempts to propose a framework and empirically validate and explain the service innovation practices for successful performance in the telecommunications industry of two developing countries, Malaysia and Bangladesh. The research framewo...

Using a dynamic model of a step-by-step innovation race between financially constrained firms, I study how financial constraints affect innovation activity. The novel theoretical results derive from an analysis of the interaction between the incentive effect of competition on innovation and the effect competition has on the degree of credit rationing. I find that the negative effect of financia...

Although the core of the present article is a study of advertising in Britain, it seems worth drawing comparisons with what was happening in the United States in order to put the British experience into perspective. In both countries the pressure of competition influenced the amount and forms of advertising. Before looking at the empirical evidence, therefore, we need to discuss the concept of ...

one of the specific aspects of our time is the existence of world trade organization as an important international center. this organization regulates the commercial laws among the countries, and tries to provide a suitable environment for trade by eliminating the subsidies using protection policies and making a better condition for competition. in order to achieve this objective, the economic ...

the caspian sea region, because of the proximity of two permanent powers - russia and iran- and the emergence of newly independent republics, is one of the most dynamic places in the world. in addition, the continuity of interests of other global actors, including the united states and europe, with the coastal countries has added to the complexity and dynamics. in this regard, the region energy...

Countries around the world continue to tax corporate income at significant rates despite downward pressures from international competition. Average statutory corporate income tax rates fell from 46% in 1982 to 33% in 1999, though tax bases simultaneously broadened, as a result of which average corporate tax collections actually rose from 2.1% of GDP in 1982 to 2.4% of GDP in 1999. Two pieces of...

The impact of size and competition on firm-level innovative activities has obtained considerable attention in developed countries, but the focus is still lacking in developing world. This paper is an attempt to contribute in this direction by including 14 Latin American countries, and by using Enterprise Survey data of the World Bank. We consider both input and output innovation to observe the ...

This paper offers a brief excursion into the comparative history of competition in the railroad industries of the United States and Britain. It starts from the observation that when faced with the unprecedented dynamics and costs of duopolistic and oligopolistic competition, railroad leaders in both countries searched for stability. The response in America appears to have moved from informal co...

A recent empirical literature has arisen documenting the response of one nation’s policy choices, including tax, environmental, and labour policies, to those of others. This has been largely interpreted as evidence of competition, be it for mobile resources (like FDI, taxable book income, etc.) or yardstick. We present a third explanation based on learning. When countries’ tax choices reflect p...