Hempel first introduced the paradox of confirmation in 1937. Since then, a very extensive literature on the paradox has evolved (Vranas 2004). Much of this literature can be seen as responding to Hempel’s subsequent discussions and analyses of the paradox (Hempel 1945). Recently, it was noted that Hempel’s intuitive (and plausible) resolution of the paradox was inconsistent with his official th...

It is argued that the relation of instance confirmation has a role to play in scientific methodology that complements, rather than competing with, a modern account of inductive support such as Bayesian confirmation theory. When an instance confirms a hypothesis, it provides inductive support, but it also provides two things that other inductive supporters normally do not: first, a connection to...

We argue that concerns about double-counting—using the same evidence both to calibrate or tune climate models and also to confirm or verify that the models are adequate—deserve more careful scrutiny in climate modelling circles. It is widely held that double-counting is bad and that separate data must be used for calibration and confirmation. We show that this is far from obviously true, and th...

BACKGROUND At this time, no formal training or educational programs exist for surgeons or surgery residents interested in performing gender confirmation surgeries. AIM To propose guiding principles designed to aid with the development of formal surgical training programs focused on gender confirmation surgery. METHODS We use expert opinion to provide a "first of its kind" framework for trai...

BACKGROUND Confirmation bias is the tendency to acquire or evaluate new information in a way that is consistent with one's preexisting beliefs. It is omnipresent in psychology, economics, and even scientific practices. Prior theoretical research of this phenomenon has mainly focused on its economic implications possibly missing its potential connections with broader notions of cognitive science...

Consider an open MIX-based anonymity system with N participants and a batch size of b. Assume a global passive adversary who targets a given participant Alice with a set RA of m communicating partners. Let H(RA | Bt) denote the entropy of RA as calculated by the adversary given t message sets (MIX batches) where Alice is a sender in each message set. Our main result is to express the rate at wh...

The paper focuses on Bayesian confirmation measures used for evaluation of rules induced from data. To distinguish between many confirmation measures, their properties are analyzed. The article considers a group of symmetry properties. We demonstrate that the symmetry properties proposed in the literature focus on extreme cases corresponding to entailment or refutation of the rule’s conclusion ...

confirmation Page Your abstract, with confirmation AN00-A-000672-SOT was entered into the system on Sep 27,1999 8:53 PM. Please use this number as reference with all correspondence regarding this abstract. The submission information is summarized below. Please note the title as shown does not represent publication format. Confirmation #: Email Login: Title: