Males generally exhibit reduced immune responses and greater susceptibility to disease than females. The suppressive effect of testosterone on immune function is hypothesized to be one reason why males have lower immune responses than females. Presumably, this effect of testosterone should be more pronounced among polygynous than monogamous species because circulating testosterone is higher amo...

BACKGROUND According to traditional Persian medicine (TPM) resources, the human digestive system includes four steps. In the first step, gastric digestion, the ingested food pours into the stomach and changes into the leachate called chylous due to the heat produced in the stomach. In the second step, hepatic digestion, the chylous enters in the liver through mesenteric vessels and transforms i...

OBJECTIVE In order to improve fermentation quality of natural grasses, their silage preparation and fermentation quality in meadow steppe (MS) and typical steppe (TS) were studied. METHODS The small-scale silages and round bale silages of mixed natural grasses in both steppes were prepared using the commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants Chikuso-1 (CH, Lactobacillus plantarum) and c...

INTRODUCTION Saffron has been suggested to have inhibitory effects on tumoral cells. We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of aqueous extract of saffron on human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and mouse non-neoplastic fibroblast cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human TCC 5637 cell line and mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) were cultivated and incubated with different concentrations of aqueous...

THE DESIRE to maintain, reinforce or restore health, has everywhere followed initially two distinct trends-that of instinctive or empirical medicine, and that of magic or sacerdotal medicine. The fusion of these two accidental at first, then systematic and by intent-had as a happy and paradoxical consequence the progressive laicization of the profession; a preliminary condition necessary to its...

BACKGROUND Due to its diverse geographical and habitat conditions, northern Pakistan harbors a wealth of medicinal plants. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. This study was carried out to document which medicinal plant species and which plant parts are used in the region of Swat, which syndrome categories are particularly concerned,...

BACKGROUND Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is used in folk medicine, for example as an antiedematogenic agent. We aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of saffron extracts in mice. RESULTS We used aqueous and ethanolic maceration extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petals. Antinociceptive activity was examined using the hot plate and writhing tests. The effect ...

The site-specific management of weeds in grassland is often challenging because different weed control strategies have trade-offs regarding the required resources and treatment efficiency. So, question arises whether a wide tractor-based system with section or small agricultural robot has higher performance for given infestation scenario. For example, autonomous moving from one to next might mu...

A study of the plants, and their associated poisons, in Poison Garden at The Alnwick was undertaken across a calendar year. By selecting 25 plants Garden, we have been able to develop single chromatographic method for determination quantification 15 plant toxins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Chromatographic separation achieved on C18 column (3.5 µm, 100 × 4.6 mm) with grad...

Based on the analysis of more than 17,000 vegetation plots (relevés), participation 261 protected species (254 vascular plants, six lichens, and one bryophyte) in 30 EUNIS grassland habitat types was revealed. Vegetation were assigned to using EUNIS-ESy expert system with further verification. We consider as those listed current edition Red Data Book Ukraine, Resolution 6 Bern Convention, Annex...