Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are piercing/sucking pests, which cause severe damage to crops worldwide, and are difficult to control. The cyst and root-knot nematodes (RKN) are sedentary endoparasites that develop specialized multinucleate feeding structures from the plant cells called syncytia or giant cells respectively. Within these structures the nematodes produce feeding tubes, which ac...

Sedentary nematodes are destructive plant pathogens that cause significant yield losses. In the roots of their host plants, cyst nematodes (CNs) and root-knot nematodes (RKNs) induce different, highly specialized feeding sites--syncytia or giant cells (GCs), respectively--to optimize nutrient uptake. We compared the mechanisms by which nutrients are delivered from the model host plant, Arabidop...

Nematodes are very diverse and could be free-living or plant parasite species. Amongst the existing categories, most aggressive ones root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), root-knot (Meloidogyne cyst (Globodera spp.). These categories affect over 2000 susceptible crop species causing varying yield losses, reaching 100% under heavy infestations in potatoes. The common hosts include tomato (So...

Hydration kinetics of tef flour breakfast cereals extruded at barrel temperatures of 110, 130, and 150°C was investigated by hydrating them in water and whole milk at 25°C (±1°C). The normalized Weibull model described the rehydration characteristics of the extrudates in water and milk adequately (R (2) = 0.98-0.99). Water absorption rate was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by barrel temper...

in this survey, the effect of two commercial products trichodermin (trichoderma harzianum bi ) and subtilin (bacillus subtilis s) along with one strain of t. virens vm1 isolated from sugar beet farms of mashhad were used for controlling heterodera schachtii in field conditions. t. virens vm1 was formulated as two other commercial products. in this order, this strain was sub cultured on p.d.a. t...