Any developmental relationship between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia engenders continuing debate. As the brain and face emerge in embryological intimacy, brain dysmorphogenesis is accompanied by facial dysmorphogenesis. 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 13 male and 14 female patients with bipolar disorder in comparison with 61 male and 75 female control sub...

OBJECTIVE Previous reports suggest that cytokines act as potential mediators of the interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, and that a proinflammatory state may be associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The aim is to compare cytokine levels in both disorders. METHOD Twenty euthymic bipolar disorder patients, 53 chronic stabilized schizophrenia patients and 80 h...

Ninety-five years after Kretschmer’s original publication the concept of somatotype in psychiatry remains controversial. The aim of the current study was to compare the somatotype of patients with bipolar I disorder and sex-matched mentally healthy controls using an objective method of somatotyping and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 67 bipolar I patients (26 males, 41 females) and...

This paper seeks to raise awareness of the impact and burden of bipolar depression and the need to improve its recognition and management in clinical practice. Bipolar depression is commonly misdiagnosed as unipolar depression and consequently, patients may receive inappropriate treatment that could potentially worsen symptoms. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a useful screening tool fo...

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are chronic debilitating disorders that are often treated with second-generation antipsychotic agents, such as aripiprazole, quetiapine, and ziprasidone. While patients who are hospitalized for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder often receive these agents at discharge, comparatively little information exists on subsequent patterns of pharmacotherapy...

background: there have been several studies conducted on the relationship between bipolar mood disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd) during the recent years, and in most of them the rate of this association had been estimated as 22-90% and had been reported as noticeable. the goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of adhd in patients with bipolar mood disorder...

Background/Aims: The substitution of valine by methionine in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF Val/Met) gene alters the intracellular trafficking and regulated secretion of BDNF. This study tested whether the BDNF Val/Met polymorphism is associated with bipolar disorder in Korean subjects, and whether clinical features vary according to genotype. Methods: The allelic and genotypic dis...

in an evaluation of nine cases (5 females, 4 males, 2.5 to 22 years old) with congenital torticollis who had been treated by bipolar release of sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle at emam khomeini hospital, department of orthopedic surgery between 1981-1994, all of the patients were satisfied with cosmetic and functional results. in spite of palpable soft tissue remaining in some patients, limitation ...

OBJECTIVE Distinctive patterns of speech and language abnormalities are associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. It is, however, unclear whether the associated patterns of neural activation are diagnosis specific. The authors sought to determine whether there are differences in language-associated prefrontal activation that discriminate bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. METHOD Fo...

BACKGROUND Patients with bipolar disorder typically present to physicians in the depressed rather than the manic or hypomanic phase of illness. Because the depressive episodes in bipolar disorder may be indistinguishable from those in major depressive disorder (MDD), misdiagnosis may occur. OBJECTIVES To estimate from administrative claims data and a telephone survey the prevalence of potenti...