Banks advance loans in the absence of precise knowledge in relation to the outcome of borrowers’ projects. Consequently, uncertainty in relation to loan repayment emerges. Thus, banks introduce the ‘credit standard’ as insurance against loans, so that should borrowers’ projects fail, borrowers have an alternative means of honouring their debt obligations. It is argued in this paper that in the ...

Using monthly balance-sheet data of all major German credit banks, we analyze deposit withdrawals and bank failures in the German banking and currency crisis of 1931. We Þnd that deposit withdrawals were driven by the run on the currency, but were also related to banks’ liquidity positions; that branch banks were no more stable than unit banks; and that large banks were privileged, being bailed...

TNF inhibitors are currently considered both effective and cost-effective in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in patients who have not responded fully to methotrexate. There is substantial doubt about the cost-effectiveness of TNF inhibitors as initial treatment for active RA. New data from the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases now question the current consen...

Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of fault tolerant control over communication networks which induce time-varying delays in bounded intervals. The problem is formulated in a discrete-time setting by modeling the controlled plant which may be subject to failures as an uncertain discrete-time process connected to a discrete-time controller via a digital communication network. A procedure...

head trauma associated with multiple destructive cognitive symptoms. cognitive destruction leads to impairment in cognitive tasks and cognitive failure. cognitive failures include problems with memory, attention, and operation. this study aimed to comparing cognitive failures in mild traumatic brain injury (tbi) patients and normal people in kashan. the study was performed on 40 tbi patients re...

Banks finance their loans and other assets with a mix of deposits, debt, and equity capital. Maintaining adequate capital is important for banks because it absorbs losses and protects them from failure. Capital also protects the financial system and overall economy from the costs that can arise from bank failures. For example, one of the reasons policymakers were concerned about financial stabi...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse...

Loan portfolio problems have historically been the major cause of bank losses because of inherent risk of possible loan losses (credit risk). The study of Bank Loan Fraud Detection and IT-Based Combat Strategies in Nigeria which focused on analyzing the loan assessment system was carried out purposely to overcome the challenges of high incidence of NonPerforming Loan (NPL) that are currently be...

This paper quantitatively evaluates the hypothesis that deflation can account for much of the Great Depression (1929-33). We examine two popular explanations of the Depression: (1) The “high wage” story, according to which deflation, combined with imperfectly flexible wages, raised real wages and reduced employment and output. (2) The “bank failure” story, according to which deflationary money ...