This paper presents a metamodel that addresses service system design and innovation by traversing and integrating three essential layers, service activities, service systems, and value constellations. The metamodel's approach to service systems as service-inoperation is an alternative to another currently used approach that views service systems as systems of economic exchange. The metamodel ad...

Unlike classical logic, which requires a deep understanding of a system, exact equations, and precise numeric values, Fuzzy logic incorporates an alternative way of thinking, which allows modeling complex systems using a higher level of abstraction originating from our knowledge and experience. Fuzzy Logic allows expressing this knowledge with subjective concepts such as very hot, bright red, a...

Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our chief organi...

A key element in the examination of how students process mathematics through digital technologies is considering the ways that digital pedagogical media might influence the learning process. How might students’ understanding emerge through engagement in a digital-learning environment? Interactive software that has cross-curricula implications and facilitates thinking in rich, problem-solving en...

Theories concerning the structure, or format, of mental representation should (1) be formulated in mechanistic, rather than metaphorical terms; (2) do justice to several philosophical intuitions about mental representation; and (3) explain the human capacity to predict the consequences of worldly alterations (i.e., to think before we act). The hypothesis that thinking involves the application o...

stand design’ are two related but distinct processes. The activity of design necessitates making decisions, comparing alternative routes to take to decide on one, and thinking in abstract terms for conceptualizing; thus, it is synthetic. On the other hand, the activity of understanding design is similar to reading, necessitates deciphering the thought process of the designer, making abstraction...