[1] We describe an updated model of the dust aerosol cycle embedded within the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ‘ModelE’ atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The model dust distribution is compared to observations ranging from aerosol optical thickness and surface concentration to deposition and size distribution. The agreement with observations is improved compared to previous...

Aerosol particles from combustion of pulverized coal are typically distributed bimodally with respect to size, and contain particles ranging from about 0.01 um to over 100 urn in diameter. Development of control technology, emissions testing, and prediction of health and environmental effects often require characterization of the size distributions of aerosol particulate mass o r the various ch...

Results from the first chemistry-transport model study of the impact of the 1783–1784 Laki fissure eruption (Iceland: 64 N, 17 W) upon atmospheric composition are presented. The eruption released an estimated 61 Tg(S) as SO2 into the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The model has a high resolution tropopause region, and detailed sulphur chemistry. The simulated SO2 plume spreads over much of...

The following chapter gives an overview of instrumented approaches to investigate the interactions of orally or pulmonary administered formulations with epithelial cell cultures in vitro. The first section is focused on the combined assessment of drug release/dissolution and subsequent absorption/permeation for solid oral dosage forms. Experimental approaches to mimic the complex physiologicall...

Electrostatics of pharmaceutical aerosols for inhalation is a relatively new research area. Particle charges have been proposed to potentially influence deposition in the lungs but no conclusive in vivo data have been reported. Investigation of the relationship between the formulation and aerosol charging is required to further explore this area. The modified electrical low pressure impactor (E...

Uncertainties in quantifying the kinetics of evaporation and condensation of water from atmospheric aerosol are a significant contributor to the uncertainty in predicting cloud droplet number and the indirect effect of aerosols on climate. The influence of aerosol particle surface composition, particularly the impact of surface active organic films, on the condensation and evaporation coefficie...

A prototype high-frequency ultrasonic nebulizer, coupled with a nebu lization chamber, has been designed specifically to overcome the problem of inefficient and unpredictable radioaerosol delivery. The objective was to reduce mean particle size, increase aerosol concentration, and minimize dead space. Thirty-nine patients were studied, including 15 patients in sig nificant respiratory distress....

1. Although ventilation in normal human lungs has been shown to decrease from apex to base, comparable observations are lacking in regard to particle deposition. 2. We compared regional ventilation and particle deposition in normal subjects by using radioactive xenon and a radioactive aerosol while sitting, lying, and while breathing at an increased rate. Both smokers and non-smokers were studi...

PURPOSE To describe a method of drug delivery to the retina via aerosolized nanoparticles in the gas phase during the gas-exchange stage of vitrectomy in a porcine model. METHODS An ultrasonically atomized and dried sodium fluorescein aerosol was produced with a concentration of 12 ng/mL and a mass median particle size of 407 nm. Eighteen porcine eyes were randomly divided into six groups and...

BACKGROUND Patients with COPD show a significant reduction of the lobar hyperinflation at the functional residual capacity level in the patients who improved >120 mL in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) after 6 months of treatment with roflumilast in addition to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs)/long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs)/long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs). METHODS Fun...