In this article we describe a new methodology for the total synthesis of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins from commercially available starting materials. Six examples were prepared, including five naturally occurring coumarins--7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-coumarin (isofraxidin), 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (scopoletin), 6,7,8-trimethoxy-coumarin, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (scoparone), and 7,8-dihydroxycouma...

Dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and with their terminals projecting to the neostriatum form the nigrostriatum and these dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on metabolic and functional specialization of the cell bodies versus the axon terminals, the level and disposition of dopamine, its metabolites and enzymes are different in both regions...

Dopamine D4 receptors (D4R) are localized in the globus pallidus (GP), but their function remains unknown. In contrast, dopamine D2 receptor activation hyperpolarizes medium spiny neurons projecting from the striatum to the GP and inhibits GABA release. However, using slice preparations from D2R-deficient [D2 knock-out (D2KO)] mice, we found that dopamine inhibited GABA(A)-receptor-mediated cur...

We investigated the effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), administered directly into the rat anterior hypothalamus (AHY), on monoamine release in the same region by using a brain microdialysis technique and an HPLC-electrochemical detection system. First, to study the local effects of IL-1 beta, we used a microdialysis probe equipped with a microinjection tube for administering IL-1 beta i...

The hippocampal formation is thought to contribute to both addictive behaviors and to psychotic disorders, and the actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine are intimately involved with these disease states. We have used both whole-cell and extracellular recording techniques in hippocampal slices to investigate the actions of both cocaine and dopamine receptor agonists in the CA1 region. In the ...

Utilization of crude extracts separated from herbal medicine is getting more worthy and ideal, conceivably because the expense production, accessibility availability to bring down harmful effects as much possible. Various researches have shown that regular use particular soil products like fruits vegetables can minimize risk a number infections. Ginger among most commonly regularly devoured die...

5-[(3-Fluorophenyl)(2-hydroxy-6-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-methyl]-6-hydroxy-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione 3 was synthesized via a multicomponent reaction. The Aldol–Michael addition reactions of N,N-dimethylbarbituric acid, cyclohexane-1,3-dione, and 3-fluorobenzaldehyde in aqueous solution gave the product in high yield. The molecular structure of the compound was confirmed by spectrosc...

We have shown that buspirone, a partial agonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptors, improves motor dysfunctions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and haloperidol in rats. The present work extends these findings by investigating the role of 5-HT1A receptors on catalepsy-like immobilization in rats, a model of Parkinson's disease. Catalepsy was induced by unilateral infusion of 6-OH...