SAN FRANCISCO – A proposed new definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome describes categories based on mild, moderate, or severe hypoxemia that correlate increasing severity with significantly increased mortality or increased time on mechanical ventilation among survivors. The draft definition, created under a consensus process by an international panel of experts, was refined by empiri...

People inside a road tunnel may be in grave danger if there is fire. When fire developing, mechanical ventilation can crucial protecting occupants and facilitating the arrival of emergency crews. In this paper, new calculation method that analyze evolution airflow illustrated. An assumed an 800 m long one-way Northern Italy was dealt with using developed method. Subsequently, acquired results w...

Risk assessment can provide a comprehensive estimate of potential effects of contaminants under specific, well-defined, and well-described circumstances, providing quantitative relationships between exposure and effects to identify and to define areas of concern. We investigated the mutagenic activity of particulate matter in air samples collected from three sites in Rio de Janeiro city. Sample...

For a long-term forecast of the average air temperature in metro tunnel and surrounding soil, heat balance conditions are modeled system that includes two parallel tunnels, near-tunnels underground space, earth's surface atmospheric with seasonal variation. It is assumed tunnels well mixed, thermal effect ventilation taken into account by replacing air. The equations solved numerically finite e...

With the discovery of many economic, environmental, and health problems in sealed and mechanically ventilated buildings, the concept of natural ventilation has been revived. "Buildings that breathe" have become more and more desired by ordinary people and architects. Although natural ventilation is conceptually simple, it is difficult to design and control. At present, methods to study natural ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To investigate the performance of the current emergency ventilation strategies of both the L.-H.-La Fontaine and the Ville-Marie tunnels in the event of a fire, a research project is being conducted by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute of Research in Construction of the National Research Council of Canada (B-4258). The research project will use Computational Fl...

Wind can have many positive attributes in an architectural environment such as providing a comfortable and healthy indoor environment and that can also save energy, by means of passive cooling or natural ventilation. However, wind can also cause discomfort to pedestrians if its speed around a building is too high, and it can also increase energy loss in the winter. Firstly, this paper will disc...

Accurate CFD simulation of coupled outdoor wind flow and indoor air flow is essential for the design and evaluation of natural cross-ventilation strategies for buildings. It is widely recognized that CFD simulations can be very sensitive to the large number of computational parameters that have to be set by the user. Therefore, detailed and generic sensitivity analyses of the impact of these pa...

Hyperoxia during diving has been suggested to exacerbate hypercapnic narcosis and promote unconsciousness. We tested this hypothesis in male volunteers (12 at rest, 10 at 75 W cycle ergometer exercise) breathing each of four gases in a hyperbaric chamber. Inspired Po2 (PiO2 ) was 0.21 and 1.3 atmospheres (atm) without or with an individual subject's maximum tolerable inspired CO2 (PiO2 = 0.055-...

Greening cities is a key solution to improve the urban microclimate and mitigate impact of climate change. However, effect tree planting on pollutant dispersion in streets still debated topic. To shed light this issue, we present wind-tunnel experiment aimed at investigating trees street canyon ventilation. An idealized district was simulated by an array blocks, two rows model were arranged sid...