Original oak (Quercus) forests in the southwestern Carpathian Mountains, Slovakia, were replaced by non-forest cover or managed stands often containing introduced non-native tree species. We compared the composition, richness, and abundance of litter-dwelling beetle (Coleoptera) communities in 30 stands across three management types: (i) reserved stands that most closely approximate the pre-cle...

We investigate rational relations over trees. Our starting point is the definition of rational tree relations via rational expressions byRaoult (Bull. Belg.Math. Soc. 1997). We develop a new class of automata, called asynchronous tree automata, which recognize exactly these relations. The automata theoretic approach is convenient for the solution of algorithmic problems (like the emptiness prob...

In [4, Theorem X7.11 it is shown that if a partial function can be realized by a (nondeterministic) finite state a-transducer, then it can also be realized by a (deterministic) generalized bimachine (introduced in [l 11). Thus the generalized bimachines compute precisely all partial functions which are realizable by a-transducers. It can easily be shown that instead of a generalized bimachine (...

Many current approaches to syntax-based statistical machine translation fall under the theoretical framework of synchronous tree substitution grammars (STSGs). Tree substitution grammars (TSGs) generalize context-free grammars (CFGs) in that each rule expands a nonterminal to produce an arbitrarily large tree fragment, rather than a fragment of depth one as in a CFG. Synchronous TSGs generate t...

We investigate rational relations over trees. Our starting point is the definition of rational tree relations via rational expressions by Raoult (Bull. Belg.Math. Soc. 1997). We develop a new class of automata, called asynchronous tree automata, which recognize exactly these relations. The automata theoretic approach is convenient for the solution of algorithmic problems (like the emptiness pro...

Studies of species distributions on elevational gradients are essential to understand principles of community organisation as well as to conserve species in montane regions. This study examined the patterns of species richness, abundance, composition, range sizes, and distribution of rainforest birds at 14 sites along an elevational gradient (500-1400 m) in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserv...

Clear-cutting of forests affects the nitrogen cycle and the nitrogen isotopic composition of bioavailable ammonium and nitrate in the soil. Here, we have used nitrogen isotopic variations of tree-rings in red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba) as indicators of changes in the nitrogen cycle on a local scale. The delta15N values of late-wood from trees at two remnant forest stands i...

Since European settlement, hardwood dominated forests of the Upper American Midwest have undergone compositional changes due to fire suppression and changes in land use. It is not clear how these changes affect songbirds during spring migration. In 2009 and 2010, we quantified foraging behavior by migratory songbirds during spring migration and collected data on tree and sapling diversity in th...

Ackee canners often harvest mature fruits that are placed on sun racks to complete ripening (indicated by podopening). It is unknown whether the nutrient composition of rack-ripened fruits differs from those completely ripened on trees. This study compares proximate, mineral and fatty acid composition of raw, mature arils of tree-ripened and rackripened fruits. Proximate and mineral composition...