The paper focuses on bio®lms subject to turbulent ̄ow and high liquid velocity (of the order of 1 m s) which can be found in heat exchangers, water distribution systems and in some wastewater reactors. An overall model describing bio®lm development is presented, which includes the effects of biomass detachment due to the hydrodynamic forces. A methodology for estimating substrate consumption fr...

The high-temperature irradiation-resistant thermocouple is the only temperature probe proven to withstand (>1290°C), high-radiation (a fluence of up ?1 × 10 21 n/cm 2 ) environments nuclear reactor fuel design testing and/or over-temperature accident conditions. This report describes improved performance a molybdenum and niobium by utilizing coaxial (i.e., single wire grounded outer sheath)....