The Authors Reply We appreciate the interest and comments from Dr. Mustafa Hatipoglu et al. regarding our study (1). Their major concern is that Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was not included in the Gram-positive cocci group for the comparison of the procalcitonin (PCT) levels between the patients with sepsis caused by Gram-positive cocci and that caused by Gram-negative rods. When we perfo...

Macrophage Activation Syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal disease, to be considered in patients with a SIRS like clinical presentation. Falling ESR and hyperferritinemia in the appropriate clinical setting can be the greatest clues. We report a case in which a female admitted with fever and rash, initially had systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) like clinical presentation, but e...

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome that caused by infection. It one of the most common critical diseases clinically. Although more anti-inflammatory drugs are available, treatment options for sepsis remain limited. The nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome multiprotein complex has been implicated in development and evolution other autoimmune dis...

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass provokes a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by the surgical trauma itself, blood contact with the non-physiological surfaces of the extracorporeal circuit, endotoxemia, and ischemia. The role of endotoxin in the inflammatory response syndrome has been well investigated. In this report, we reviewed recent advances in the understanding of ...

The early, delayed, and systemic effects of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) are the result of inflammatory mediators which initiate systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), subsequent complement deficits and coagulopathy. Once SIRS is triggered by acute inflammation, it can detrimentally self-propagate. Systemic inflammation causes tissue damage leading to further inflammation and dam...