OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the complicity of British American Tobacco (BAT) in the illicit trade of cigarettes across the African continent in terms of rationale, supply routes and scale. METHODS Analysis of internal BAT documents and industry publications. RESULTS BAT has relied on illegal channels to supply markets across Africa since the 1980s. Available documents suggest smugg...

In investigating criminal cases of poaching and smuggling involving tigers (Panthera tigris), the number of tiger individuals involved is critical for determining the penalty. Morphological methodologies do not often work because tiger parts do not possess the distinctive characteristics of the individual. Microsatellite DNAs have been proved a reliable marker for the individualization of anima...

To address the illicit cigarette trade, the European Union (EU) has signed agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) that involve establishing extensive systems of cooperation. All agreements foresee two types of payments: annual payments (totalling US$ 1.9 billion over 20 years) and supplementary seizure payments, equivalent to 100% of the evaded taxes in the event ...

Burma.By Roy K. Anderson,, f.r.s.a. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. Rs. 4. Pp. 104. This is a most interesting little book. It is very fully illustrated and it 'breathes of atmosphere ; of chopsticks and fowl chow ; of nights in Chinatown ; of the temple of Heaven and of the sons of Belial,?the latter being the respectable, soi-disant and easy-going merchants who, under the cloak of general m...

OBJECTIVES To understand the strategy of British American Tobacco (BAT) and other transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) to gain access to the Lebanese market, which has remained relatively closed under monopoly ownership and political instability. METHODS Analysis of internal industry documents, local language secondary sources and industry publications. RESULTS TTCs have relied on legal a...

Thirty persons arrested at Frankfurt airport for smuggling internally concealed cocaine in 1993/1994 were investigated. An X-ray examination (in all 30 cases), immunochemical examination of urine (in 27 cases) and of saliva (in 20 cases) was performed in parallel. An X-ray examination gave positive results in all examined persons. EMIT cocaine metabolite assay (cut off 300 ng benzoylecgonine (B...

Smuggling of methamphetamine is affected by enforced regulation and international situation, resulting in changes of precursors and synthetic methods used. Enantiomer ratio of methamphetamine can provide information concerning its precursor and synthetic method. This information is useful for the prevention of smuggling methamphetamine and its precursor, and resultant reduction of methamphetami...

BACKGROUND Youth are especially vulnerable to fluctuations in cigarette price, and both the smuggling increase during the early 1990s and the 1994 tax decrease made purchasing easier for youth. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between these price decreases, and trends in smoking prevalence and amount smoked among Ontario youth. METHODS Data from the Ontario Student Drug Us...

This paper deals with an inspection game of Customs and a smuggler. Customs has two options: patrol or no-patrol. The smuggler makes a decision on the amount of contraband to smuggle. In a given period of days, Customs has a limited number of opportunities to patrol while the smuggler can ship any amount of contraband as long as he has not exhausted this supply. When both players take action, t...