Acute renal failure (ARF) in septic patients drastically increases the mortality to 50-80%. Sepsis induces several proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a major pathogenetic factor in septic ARF. Pentoxifylline has several functions including downregulation of TNF-alpha and endothelia-dependent vascular relaxation. We hypothesized that pentoxifylline may a...

Male C57BL/6 mice at 5 weeks of age were purchased from CLEA (Tokyo, Japan). The mice were uninephrectomized 10 days prior to I/R and RIPC. We examined seven different RIPC protocols to determine whether RIPC induces renal protection against renal I/R injury in either pentobarbital (Figure 1 and 2) or isoflurane (Figure 3) anesthetized mice. All experimental procedures were performed according ...