there are the different treatments, such as: drugs, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy and behavior therapy, for management of anxiety. but nowadays, an intervention called ”neuro-feedback” which is combination of electronic, behavior, neurology and pharmacology sciences has been innovated in which the neurons can be growth and reinforced and the brain’s function will be increased. in this interv...

the coordinate transformation allows the exact calculation of some electrode configurations. in this paper the prolate spherical coordination transformation is used to calculate the field of a hyperboloiderod against plan electrode. the exact field is caculated using two new parameters: 1) electrodes spacing and 2) the radius of curvature of the tip of the rod electrode. the partial discharge i...

a r t i c l e i n f o Microelectrodes on solid electrolytes, contacted by current-collecting tips, have become increasingly important for analyzing electrochemical properties of electrode materials in solid state ionics. Samples are usually asymmetrically heated from the bottom side. It is shown experimentally, e.g. by thermovoltage measurements, impedance spectroscopy and infrared camera pictu...

We have developed a polyimide based neural interface electrode to record nerve signals from the sciatic nerve of a rat. The neural interface electrode has a split-ring shape, with four protruding gold electrodes for recording, and two reference gold electrodes around the split-ring. The split-ring electrode can be opened up to encircle the sciatic nerve. The four electrodes can be bent to sit o...

Intraluminal pH monitoring in man should be performed with disposable multichannel assemblies that allow recordings at multiple sites and prevent transmission of infection. Currently available glass electrodes are unsuitable for this purpose because of their size and price. We have thus constructed and tested a small, combined ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) pH electrode incorpora...

Highlights Auditory middle and late latency responses can be recorded reliably from ear-EEG.For sources close to the ear, ear-EEG has the same signal-to-noise-ratio as scalp.Ear-EEG is an excellent match for power spectrum-based analysis. A method for measuring electroencephalograms (EEG) from the outer ear, so-called ear-EEG, has recently been proposed. The method could potentially enable robu...

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging neuromodulation therapy that has been experimentally determined to affect a wide range of behaviors and diseases ranging from motor, cognitive, and memory processes to depression and pain syndromes. The effects of tDCS may be inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the relative polarities of electrodes and their proximity to different...

We introduce the concept of screen-printed back-to-back electroanalytical sensors where in this facile and generic approach, screen-printed electrodes are printed back-to-back with a common electrical connection to the two working electrodes with the counter and reference electrodes for each connected in the same manner as a normal "traditional" screen-printed sensor would be. This approach uti...