This study presents the random-effects rating scale model (RE-RSM) which takes into account randomness in the thresholds over persons by treating them as randomeffects and adding a random variable for each threshold in the rating scale model (RSM) (Andrich, 1978). The RE-RSM turns out to be a special case of the multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit model (MRCMLM) (Adams, Wilso...