New definitions are proposed for communication and language. Communication is defined as the evolution of physical, biochemical, cellular, community, technological information exchange. Language community whereby exchanged comprises evolving individual group-constructed knowledge beliefs, that enacted, narrated, or otherwise conveyed by rule-governed meaningful symbol systems, grounded, interpr...

Proposed in 1994, the “QED project” was one of the seminally influential initiatives in automated reasoning: It envisioned the formalization of “all of mathematics” and the assembly of these formalizations in a single coherent database. Even though it never led to the concrete system, communal resource, or even joint research envisioned in the QED manifesto, the idea lives on and shapes the res...

The United States is typically seen as an outlier in health spending when compared with other advanced nations. Recent improvements in health accounting in lower- and middle-income countries suggest some common features with the high and pluralistic spending in the United States. The author discusses recent developments and findings in health accounting outside the Organization for Economic Coo...

This paper explores many of the underlying forces that have encouraged societies to become increasingly pluralistic and global in outlook. In the past, methods of in-country quality assurance have presented boundaries for students and professionals. An array of efforts to reduce cultural boundaries through various methods of quality assurance are reviewed in this paper. These include mutual rec...

Management scholars have examined the ethical decision-making process of individuals in organizations but, with a few notable exceptions, have largely failed to undertake a careful analysis of the role of culture. In this note I explore the impact of individualism and collectivism on three basic aspects of ethical decision making—the perception of moral problems, moral reasoning, and behavior. ...

If a community recognizes a set of moral values and commitments as compelling, as virtues, these become the foundations of moral discourse in that community. Other statements, new moral claims, and so on-as long as they are not absorbed into the set of shared virtues-have no or little standing. And, while there are frequently differences in interpreting the exact meanings and implications of pr...

I suggest a pluralistic account of folk psychology according to which not all predictions or explanations rely on the attribution of mental states, and not all intentional actions are explained by mental states. This view of folk psychology is supported by research in developmental and social psychology. It is well known that people use personality traits to predict behavior. I argue that trait...