High-level conditions are well-suited for expressing structural properties. They can describe the precondition and the postcondition for a high-level program, but they cannot describe the relationship between the input and the output of a program derivation. Therefore, we investigate program conditions, a generalized type of conditions expressing properties on program derivations. Program condi...

How does one verify that the output of a complicated program is correct? One can formally prove that the program is correct, but this may be beyond the power of existing methods. Alternatively one can check that the output produced for a particular input satisfies the desired input-output relation, by running a checker on the input-output pair. Then one only needs to prove the correctness of th...

this study investigated the effectiveness of individual and collaborative outputbasedfocus-on-form instructional tasks on the acquisition of english inversionstructures by efl learners. moreover, it explored the developmental trend oflearners’ inversion acquisition. to this end, 60 homogeneous efl learners wereassigned to individual and collaborative output groups. they were exposed to textsenc...

Background: Faculty development programs have received considerable investment of resources from medical institutions, though the effect and output of them has been infrequently studied. This study was design to measure the effect of the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences’ faculty development workshops. Methods: Three faculty development workshops on educational research were conducted to i...

1087 puts of each module in a special way to cause the output of the total algorithm to be in proper order 111, 191. This results in the fxtest algorithm, but the program must be written for a specific length. A fourth method is similar, but achieves the unscrambling by properly choosing the mulitplier constants in the modules [IO]. A program based on this method could transform many different ...

Public expenditures for research and research output from an administrative standpoint. development have increased very rapidly in the last Historical estimates of intermediate output for the two decades. Despite the apparent high payoff from agricultural utilization research program of the U.S. this research, there is an increasingly greater Department of Agriculture are presented along with r...

by studying the evolution history of budgeting systems, you may discern three stages: in the first stage, controlling role of budget is regarded its major function. in the second stage, budget is considered as a means for management improvement. in the third stage, the role of budget is considered in economic planning, implementation of programs and government performance management. after worl...

The concept of the Standardized Individual Output Development can generally be understood as an approach to the development of output using its own domain standards, or re-use of standards from other domains via analogies. Objective is a systematic, qualitative and efficient creation of individual output and an innovation-framework to systematize the support of a knowledge transfer from other d...

Recent years have seen the proposal of a number of neural architectures for the problem of Program Induction. Given a set of input-output examples, these architectures are able to learn mappings that generalize to new test inputs. While achieving impressive results, these approaches have a number of important limitations: (a) they are computationally expensive and hard to train, (b) a model has...