BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) usually occur in sun-exposed areas. However, they may also occur-albeit infrequently-in unusual locations, such as the nipple-areola complex. METHODS Using the PubMed database, an extensive literature search was performed for the following keywords: areola, basal cell carcinoma, and nipple. Papers and references cited in those papers were reviewed to ac...

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and by far the most frequent cancer among women. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to assess the awareness of breast cancer warning signs and screening methods among the women of Pokhara valley, Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in a community setting with the fe...

An expedient and cost-effective diagnostic tool is needed to complement galactography and exfoliative cytology for detection of benign or malignant breast diseases with nipple discharge. The aim of this prospective study is to explore the utility of carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 15-3 and cancer antigen 125 levels in nipple discharge for the diagnosis of various breast diseases. We ev...

Inverted nipple is defined as a state in which part of the nipple or the entire nipple is retracted below the surface of the areola. Inverted nipples can be classified in accordance with Han and Hong’s classification [1] as follows: grade I (mild), grade II (moderate), and grade III (severe). Surgical correction aims to achieve aesthetically satisfactory nipple projection without recurrence, wh...

BACKGROUND Pathologic nipple discharge, which is a common reason for referral to the breast imaging service, refers to spontaneous or bloody nipple discharge that arises from a single duct. The most common cause of nipple discharge is benign breast lesions, such as solitary intraductal papilloma and papillomatosis. Nevertheless, in rare cases, a malignant cause of nipple discharge can be found....

Previously published Photo Quizzes are now featured in a mobile app. Get more information at http:// www.aafp.org/afp/apps. A 54-year-old woman presented with a nonpruritic rash on her nipple for the past three months. It began as a large plaque covering approximately one-fourth of the breast, but gradually decreased to a small plaque affecting only the nipple. She had occasional spontaneous mi...

The aim of the present study was to investigate postoperative changes after vertical mammaplasty. Between 2002 and 2005, 72 consecutive patients aged 15 to 69 years with an average weight of 72 kg underwent bilateral vertical mammaplasty. Forty-two patients attended the regular follow-up one week, four weeks, three months, six months and one year after the operation. Nipple diameter, notch-to-n...

Nano-scale nipple array on the body surface has been described from various invertebrates including endoparasitic and mesoparasitic copepods, but the functions of the nipple array is not well understood. Using the hydrophilized nanopillar sheets made of polystyrene as a mimetic material of the nipple arrays on the parasites’ body surface, we assayed the cell spreading and phagocytosis of the he...