The creation of small manufacturing enterprises is considered by many governments and donor agencies, as the key to economic and social development in countries regardless of development level. Furthermore, review of the literature show evidence that SMEs are understood as a source of technology development. At the same time they are vulnerable to a number of restrictions such as access to fina...

We use mobile phone usage data to measure the extent of segregation Syrian refugees in Turkey, and analyze its role their internal mobility patterns. construct a range dissimilarity normalized isolation indices using hourly call volume natives. The richness allows us compute across different provinces over time. Segregation levels show high variation country, with significantly lower higher sha...

BACKGROUND Patient characteristics may contribute to the progress and pain of labor. Quantitative evaluation of the effects of patient characteristics requires robust mathematical models of labor progress and labor pain. METHODS The authors retrospectively studied 100 sequential deliveries from each of five self-reported ethnic groups (Asian, Black, Hispanic, Other, and White). Demographic va...

Any part of this publication may be reproduced without permission for limited distribution, provided it is distributed without charge and the Population Council is acknowledged as its source. The Population Council would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which the text is used. The authors are grateful to Ragui Assaad and Rania Roushdy for providing us with the data on job quality...

BACKGROUND Skilled labor force is very important in economic growth. Workers become skilled when they are healthy and able to be educated and work. In this study, we estimated the effects of health indicators on labor supply. We used labor force participation rate as the indicator of labor supply. We categorized this indicator into 2 indicators of female and male labor force participation rates...

to evaluate the maternal serum dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) sulfate levels as a factor influencing labor ‘efficiency’ at term and unsuccessful labor induction. this is a prospective study. in this study the mean (± standard error) maternal serum dhea sulfate levels of 90 singleton pregnant women in 3 groups with spontaneous labor, need for augmentation and need for induction were compared.preg...

abstract background: labor is a physiologic process, and consideration of labor pain and relieving that is among the major components of maternal care. application of some labor position can lay the fetus better in pelvic canal direction. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of laying the mother in three labor positions on the pain severity in the second, third, and fourth stages o...

This paper studies whether labor scarcity encourages technological advances, i.e., technology adoption or innovation, for example, as claimed by Habakkuk in the context of 19th-century United States. I de…ne technology as strongly labor saving if technological advances reduce the marginal product of labor and as strongly labor complementary if they increase it. I show that labor scarcity encour...