In 1962, 50 years ago, a remarkable molecule was first synthesized by the team of Professor Calvin Lee Stevens, Ph.D., Professor of Organic Chemistry at Wayne State University and a chemical consultant to Parke Davis at that time. As soon as 1964, this molecule, ketamine (CI-581), a phencyclidine derivative, was evaluated during a clinical trial. It was rapidly introduced into clinical practice...

Objective: To compare the haemodynamic effects of the induction agents ketamine, etomidate and sevoflurane using the model of electrical velocimetry based cardiac output monitoring in paediatric cardiac surgical patients. Design: Prospective randomized study. Setting: Tertiary care hospital. Participants: 60 children < 2 years age undergoing cardiac surgery. Interventions: The patients were ran...

In term and preterm neonates, massive glutamate release can lead to excitotoxic white-matter and cortical lesions. Because of its high permeability toward calcium, the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor is thought to play an important role in excitotoxic lesions and NMDA antagonists therefore hold promise for neuroprotection. We found that, in neonatal mouse cortex, a given NMDA concentra...

conclusions ia fluid resuscitation is superior to iv resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock induced cardiac arrest. results while iv rl infusion failed to restore chest motion in mice (n = 5), ia rl infusion restored chest motion in all mice examined (n = 6) (p = 0.0067). in three mice, iv rl infusion after cardiac arrest showed no effect on cc. after failure of venous infusion, ia rl infusion was ...

BACKGROUND Unlike most anesthetics, ketamine racemate (S, R (+/-)-ketamine) induces heterogenous changes in cerebral metabolism. S, R (+/-)-ketamine is an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, S (+)-ketamine and R (-)-ketamine, which differ in affinity for neuroreceptors and pharmacologic activities. This study investigated comparatively the effects of ketamine racemate and enantiomers on cereb...

UNLABELLED The knowledge of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of new opioid drugs is necessary so that anaesthesiologists can choose which one to use, considering the patient's pathophysiology, the surgical procedure, and the dose required to obtain the desired effect. Aim of this review was to evaluate relevant trials on perioperative sufentanil in order to design an optimal strategy for a...

BACKGROUND Intrathecal lidocaine hydrochloride under general anesthesia has been used as an alternative method of euthanasia in equids. Carnivore, scavenger, and even human consumption of horse meat from carcasses have been anecdotally reported in rural areas after this method of euthanasia. The presence of drug residues in horse meat has not been investigated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To invest...

STUDY OBJECTIVE The primary objective is to compare total sedation time when ketamine/propofol is used compared with ketamine alone for pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia. Secondary objectives include time to recovery, adverse events, efficacy, and satisfaction scores. METHODS Children (aged 2 to 17 years) requiring procedural sedation and analgesia for management of an isolated orth...

K etamine has a special position among anesthetic drugs. It was introduced into clinical practice >30 yr ago with the hope that it would function as a “monoanesthetic” drug: inducing analgesia, amnesia, loss of consciousness, and immobility. This dream was not fulfilled because significant side effects were soon reported. With the introduction of other IV anesthetic drugs, ketamine’s role dimin...

BACKGROUND One of the unpleasant side effects of general anesthesia is shivering in the process of recovery. It is an involuntary oscillatory mechanical movement that can be classified as clonic movements. These movements can affect one or several groups of skeletal muscles beginning from 5 to 30 minutes after the discontinuation of anesthesia. OBJECTIVES We aimed to study ketamine's effect o...