the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) is approximately 3% around the world. this virus causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. the effectiveness of interferon-α and ribavirin therapy is about 50% and is associated with significant toxicity and cost. hence, generating new vaccines or drugs is an obligation. however, there is no vaccine available for clinical u...

This chapter is not a comprehensive review of immunology but rather a condensed version of those aspects of immunology that have particular relevance to clinical immunology. Refer to the Bibliography for a more extensive discussion of the role of each component. It is generally believed that the immune system evolved as the host’s defense against infectious agents, and it is well known that pat...

the humoral immunization potential of panax ginseng polysaccharide (gps) against h9n2 avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) in chickens was investigated. the effects of gps treatment before and during h9n2 aiv infection were determined in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) by mtt (3(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assays and quantitative rt-pcr analysis of mhc and cytokine...

C3d can function as a molecular adjuvant by binding CD21 and thereby enhancing B cell activation and humoral immune responses. However, recent studies suggest both positive and negative roles for C3d and the CD19/CD21 signaling complex in regulating humoral immunity. To address whether signaling through the CD19/CD21 complex can negatively regulate B cell function when engaged by physiological ...

Objective: The immunomodulatory effect of geranial, geranial acetate, gingerol, and eugenol essential oils were evaluated by studying humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Materials and Method: The essential oils were evaluated for immunomodulatory activity in in vivo studies, using rats as the animal model. The essential oils were tested for hypersensitivity and hemagglutination reaction...