A new species of collared lizard, Crotaphytus grismeri, is described from the isolated Sierra de Los Cucapas and contiguous Sierra El Mayor, Baja California, Mexico. This species is distinguished from all other Crotaphytus by its small adult size, green pigmentation within the pale bar separating the anterior and posterior collars, a dull orange colored tail and hind limbs in subadult females, ...

BACKGROUND Neonatal pain and injury can alter long-term sensory thresholds. Descending rostroventral medulla (RVM) pathways can inhibit or facilitate spinal nociceptive processing in adulthood. As these pathways undergo significant postnatal maturation, the authors evaluated long-term effects of neonatal surgical injury on RVM descending modulation. METHODS Plantar hind paw or forepaw incisio...

This case report describes the surgical management of a severe congenital deformity in Shetland pony. A two-week-old foal was presented with right hind limb showing 90-degree torsion tarsal region towards medial side and metatarsophalangeal joint forced extension behind tarsus. As assessed through radiography, tibial malleoli trochlea talus were poorly developed, flexor tendons inserted topogra...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although repetitive involuntary movements are a well-recognized manifestation of carotid occlusive disease, similar movements have not been reported with a lacunar infarction outside of the basal ganglia or subthalamic nucleus. We describe a man with tonic spasms associated with a lacunar infarction in the right ventral pons. CASE DESCRIPTION Involuntary tonic spasms of...

BACKGROUND Debates over the evolution of hominin bipedalism, a defining human characteristic, revolve around whether early bipeds walked more like humans, with energetically efficient extended hind limbs, or more like apes with flexed hind limbs. The 3.6 million year old hominin footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania represent the earliest direct evidence of hominin bipedalism. Determining the kinemat...

1. The effects of acute volume expansion on vascular resistance and reactivity to noradrenaline and angiotensin I1 are reported in this study. The estimated circulating blood volume of pentobartibal-anaesthetized dogs was expanded by about 35% with equilibrated donor blood. The animals were bilaterally nephrectomized to sustain expanded volume. 2. Functional changes in vascular smooth muscle we...

Intraventricular administration of angiotensin II (AH), 1 fig, twice a day for 2 weeks, together with saline as the drinking fluid during the second week, resulted in moderate but significant elevation of the arterial pressures of mongrel dogs. This increase in arterial pressure was accompanied by a significant elevation in femoral and renal vascular resistances. However, resting neurogenic ton...

The effect of tamoxifen citrate on bone mass in immobilization osteoporosis was studied in 10 dogs.Osteoporosis was induced by fiberglass cast immobilization of the right hind-limb for 28 days, while the lefthind-limb served as a non-immobilized control. Five dogs received tamoxifen citrate (1.5 mg/kg per os) once daily for 28 days; five dogs received no treatment. All dogs were euthanized on d...