Glioblastoma (GBM) heterogeneity in the genomic and phenotypic properties has potentiated personalized approach against specific therapeutic targets of each GBM patient. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has been established the comprehensive genomic abnormalities of GBM, which sub-classified GBMs into 4 different molecular subtypes. The molecular subtypes could be utilized to dev...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor with limited treatment options. Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is a front-line chemotherapeutic drug currently employed in GBM. Although it is currently the most promising chemotherapy for GBM, resistance to TMZ is also common and accounts for many treatment failures. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanis...

Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) mimetics are considered as promising anticancer therapeutics that are currently under investigation in early clinical trials. They induce apoptosis by antagonizing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, which are frequently overexpressed in cancer. We previously reported that Smac mimetics, such as BV6, additionally exert non-apoptotic functions...

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that binds to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and IL-10R2. IL-22R expression was initially characterized on epithelial cells, and plays an essential role in a number of inflammatory diseases. Recently, a functional receptor was detected on cancer cells such as hepatocarcinoma and lung carcinoma, bu...

A 55-year-old woman presented with deafness, increased levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), and renal insufficiency with proteinuria and hematuria. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis with the linear deposition of immunoglobulin G along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and peritubular capillaritis. The anti-GBM antibody levels on admi...

Orthotopic xenograft animal model from human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines often do not recapitulate an extremely important aspect of invasive growth and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene overexpression of human GBM. We developed an orthotopic xenograft model by solid transplantation of human GBM into the brain of nude mouse. The orthotopic xenografts sharing the same hist...

Antibody-mediated anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease occurs rarely in the presence of another B-cell disorder, membranous nephropathy. The coexistence of these two autoimmune disorders would be anticipated to require differing, specific therapies targeted to each disease process. We describe a case of concomitant membranous nephropathy and anti-GBM disease in which conventiona...

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal human cancers. Genomic analyses define the molecular architecture of GBM and highlight a central function for mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. mTOR kinase exists in two multi-protein complexes, namely, mTORC1 and mTORC2. These complexes differ in terms of function, regulation and rapamycin sensitivity. mTORC1 is well established as a...

The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is mostly due to the high propensity of GBM tumor cells to invade. We reported an inverse relationship between GBM angiogenicity and expression of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which has been extensively characterized for its role in resistance to alkylating agents used in GBM treatment. In the prese...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) presents the most malignant form of glioma, with a 5-year survival rate below 3% despite standard therapy. Novel immune-based therapies in improving treatment outcomes in GBM are therefore warranted. Several molecularly defined targets have been identified mediating anti-GBM cellular immune responses. Mesothelin is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) which is expresse...