the enormous growth of the world wide web in recent years has made it necessary to perform resource discovery efficiently. for a crawler it is not an simple task to download the domain specific web pages. this unfocused approach often shows undesired results. therefore, several new ideas have been proposed, among them a key technique is focused crawling which is able to crawl particular topical...

This review, written to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the International Journal of Science Education, revealed a period of changes in the theoretical views of the language arts, the perceived roles of language in science education, and the research approaches used to investigate oral and written language in science, science teaching, and learning. The early years were dominated by behaviora...

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Pulsed lasers at the near infrared (NIR) range have been widely used in dermatology. Ultrashort pulsed picosecond are found with specific ability of very effective activation skin repair and remodeling along significant photodamage. Femtosecond lasers, a shorter pulse width, may be promising alternative to current NIR clinic. In this study, we performed optical micromachining by femtosecond las...

The use of synthetic focusing of torsional guided waves for detecting and sizing defects in pipes using an array of piezoelectric shear transducers clamped around the pipe circumference has been investigated. The performance of the focused system is tested and compared to an unfocused system using data from finite element simulations on pipes of different diameters with circumferential cracks; ...