We study the investment and nancing policies of public U.S. rms. Large rms substitute between debtand equity nancing over the business cycle whereas small rms' nancing policy for debt and equity is pro-cyclical. This paper proposes a novel mechanism that explains these cyclical patterns in a quantitative heterogeneous rm industry model with endogenous rm dynamics. We nd that cross-sectional di ...

life cycle assessment (lca) is one of the decision support systems which can be considered for assessing the different approaches of waste management. however, it only considers environmental effects and ignores other decision making options such as economic and social effects of solid waste management. in this research, we consider a combination of three decision making options including en...

effect of five soybean varieties (sahar, jk, bp, williams and l17) on life cycle and fecundity of the beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua (hã¼bner) was evaluated at temperature of 25 â± 1â°c, 60 â± 5% r.h. and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (l: d) h. the preimaginal development period of males and females was longest on l17 (30.17 â± 0.28 and 29.63 â± 0.23 days) and shortest on bp and sahar. the adult lon...

This paper addresses the issue of technogenesis and its geographical pattern. It aims to offer both a general framework and test on innovation data from several European cities. This framework is built mainly on the product life-cycle and the incubation approach. Further, it is argued that the phases of an industrial life-cycle have several firm-specific effects. First, these phases influence i...

In this paper, the Cox proportional hazard model is used to answer several questions. In general, fourteen variables are applied in four groups: firm, industry, expenditure human resources specific characteristics as well. According to the previous literature in this field, the findings of this paper also show that the factors which affect life duration of firms are different between industries...

The Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle (NEBIC) was offered by Wheeler [1] as a subjective understanding of how firms can gain competitive advantage through enabling and emerging technologies (ET). NEBIC consists of four capabilities that lead a firm from choosing ET, to matching ET with business opportunities, executing for growth, and assessing customer value. The first capability of NEBIC ...

this article proposes an optimization model for preventing the waste of time in the educational and research activities' cycle of an organization such as a university. for this purpose and in order to increase efficiency and prevent the waste of time; the graph theory models have been used. the educational and research activities diagrams of a supposed university is drawn by the use of graphs t...

Firm dynamics in poor countries show striking differences to those of rich countries. While some firms indeed experience growth as they age, many firms are simply stagnant in that they neither exit nor expand. We interpret this fact as a lack of selection, whereby producers with little growth potential survive because innovating firms do not expand enough to force them out of the market. To exp...