Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an endocrine hormone that is secreted by bone and acts on the kidney and parathyroid glands to regulate phosphate homeostasis. The effects of FGF23 on phosphate homeostasis are mediated by binding to FGF receptors and their coreceptor, αklotho, which are abundantly expressed in the kidney and parathyroid glands. However, the mechanisms of how FGF23 regulat...

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder that mainly affects middle-aged women. Patients are usually asymptomatic. The disease might be ascribable to hyperplasia, carcinoma, and single or multiple adenomas. PHPT may be sporadic or familial, the latter comprising multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or 2A, familial benign hypocalciuria hypercalcemia, and hyperparathyroidi...

Hypothalamic-pituitary system represents a complex neuroendocrine unit that exerts its influence on the whole organism, by stimulating the target endocrine glands. In turn, the feedback of peripheral hormones strictly controls hypothalamicpituitary activity. In particular, the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (GH-IGF-I axis) plays an important role in modulating other hypothalamic-pi...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) are clinical inherited syndromes affecting different endocrine glands. Three different patterns of MEN syndromes can occur (MEN 1, MEN 2A, and MEN 2B). MEN syndromes are very rare, affect all ages and both sexes are equally affected. MEN 1 is characterized by the neoplastic transformation of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islets, anterior pituitary, and ga...

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma sometimes involves the endocrine organs, but involvement of both the pituitary and adrenal glands is extremely rare. Involvement of these structures can lead to hypopituitarism and adrenal insufficiency, and subsequent recovery of their function is rarely seen. The present report describes an extremely rare case of pituitary and adrenal diffuse large B-c...

background: reported cases of uncontrolled use of pesticides and its produced effects by direct or indirect exposition, represent a high risk for human health. therefore, in this paper, it is shown the results of the development and execution of an algorithm that predicts the possible effects in endocrine system in fisher 344 (f344) rats, occasioned by ingestion of malathion. methods: it was re...

Records of organ weights of normal rabbits covering a period of 3(1/2) years were analyzed with a view to determining first, whether any significant variations of an orderly character could be demonstrated and, second, the general trend of the variations that occurred. It was found that many organs showed decided variations in weight which assumed the form of definite annual cycles. In addition...

Thyroid pathology is a specialist area but is often encountered by the general pathologist in a variety of forms including cytology, frozen sections, and resection specimens. In the thyroid gland, as for other endocrine organs, many aspects of diagnosis are unique to this area of histopathology; thus, the aims of this paper are to set out best practice guidelines which, although not entirely co...

The labial glands of Manduca sexta die over 5 days during larva to pupa metamorphosis. This cell death is presumably triggered by endocrine cues. The mechanisms by which steroid hormones induce apoptosis, however, are poorly understood. To investigate the role that the insect molting hormone, 20hydroxyecdysone (20HE), plays in apoptosis of larval structures, we injected animals with exogenous 2...