A long-standing challenge in studies of seed dispersal by animal frugivores has been the characterization of the spatial relationships between dispersed seeds and the maternal plants, i.e. the seed shadow. The difficulties to track unambiguously the origin of frugivore-dispersed seeds in natural communities has been considered an unavoidable limitation of the research field and precluded a robu...

Courgette (Cucurbita pepo) is one of the main cucurbit crops grown in Iraq for local consumption. Viruses are a major threat to production Iraq, particularly whitefly-transmitted viruses (Mohammed et al., 2021). In 2022 growing season, courgette plants with extensive leaf vein-yellowing symptoms (Figure 1), associated whitefly infestation, were observed fields around Al-Yusufiyah, Baghdad Provi...