background: rhipicephalus ( boophilus ) annulatus tick is one of the most important ectoparasite of cattle. re­cently, several laboratories in the world have been concentrated on immunizing cattle against tick using various types of tissue extracts of ticks. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunization of cattle with tick salivary gland extract on biological parameters of ti...

results the results of ifn-γ, il-4 production against antigens, epitopes, and recombinant catalase by t-cells were compared for better understanding of epitope efficiency. conclusions the current research demonstrated that epitope sequence stimulates cellular immune responses effectively. in addition, increased safety and potency as well as a reduction in time and cost were advantages of this m...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a noninvasive measurement of a stimulus-locked, synchronous electrical event. ABR provides information concerning the functional integrity of brainstem nuclei. Age is a key factor in the interpretation of ABR peak latency among different age groups. Progressively with time it follows a "maturation pattern" during which latencies dec...

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) recorded while wearing a hearing aid may supply supplemental information about the benefit and appropriateness of the hearing aid for certain infants. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the effects of different output limiting circuits on the acoustics of tone-pip stimuli used for ABR recordings and (2) assess how changes in hearing-aid-proces...

The desire for social distance towards individuals with obesity as part of the stigmatization process has not been investigated. The aims of this study include: (a) determining the prevalence of social distance and its domains in a population-based sample; (b) reporting levels of emotional response; and (c) investigating the association of BMI, emotional response and social distance. The data w...

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and standard behavioral methods were compared by measuring in-air audiograms for an adult female harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Behavioral audiograms were obtained using two techniques: the method of constant stimuli and the staircase method. Sensitivity was tested from 0.250 to 30 kHz. The seal showed good sensitivity from 6 to 12 kHz [best sensitivity 8.1 dB (...

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) in tinnitus subjects has been extensively investigated over the last decade with the hopes of finding possible abnormalities related to the pathology. Despite this effort, the use of the ABR for tinnitus diagnosis or as an outcome measure is under debate. The present study reviewed published literature on ABR and tinnitus. The authors searched PubMed, MedLi...

Some people experience pleasant emotion when listening to sad music. Therefore, they can enjoy listening to it. In the current study, we aimed to investigate such apparently paradoxical emotional mechanisms and focused on the influence of individuals' trait empathy, which has been reported to associate with emotional responses to sad music and a preference for it. Eighty-four elementary school ...

BACKGROUND Click-evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) are a valuable tool for probing auditory system function and development. Although it has long been thought that the human auditory brainstem is fully mature by age 2 yr, recent evidence indicates a prolonged developmental trajectory. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the time course of ABR maturation in a preschool ...

This case illustrates the importance of determining the precise locus and extent of a lesion when attempting to correlate lesion site with auditory brainstem response (ABR) findings. The failure to document significant ABR findings in an individual with a large mass involving the low brain stem may initially appear to constitute a threat to the sensitivity of the ABR; however, careful review of...