In the Cluster Editing problem, a graph is to be changed to a disjoint union of cliques by at most k operations of edge insertion or edge deletion. Improving on the best previously known quadratic-size polynomial-time kernelization, we describe how a crown-type structural reduction rule can be used to obtain a 6k kernelization bound.

The effect of tree age, size and competition on above ground growth allocation was studied with 69 Pinus sylvestris trees. Competition was described by tree-level indicators (needle density, crown ratio and height-diameter ratio). The stem, branch and needle growth were determined by stem and branch radial increments and tree level biomass analysis. Combined growth of compartments was strongly ...

The complexation of molecular clips containing fragments of diphenylglycoluril and benzocrown ethers with paraquat and its derivatives has been studied both in solution and in the solid state. In this paper we studied the influence of the crown ether ring size and the nature of the substituents at the nitrogen atoms of the paraquat derivatives on the composition and stability of these complexes.

Plasticity in crown architecture, contributing to leaf arrangement within crown, is an important feature for whole plant carbon assimilation and survival. In this study, I examined the plasticity in crown architecture to light condition and developmental stage by the changes in shoot production. Rhododendron reticulatum expands crown with orthotropic growth in monopodial branching in young stag...

The sea anemone Metridium senile is a quantitatively important passive suspension feeder in hard-bottom communities on the west coast of Sweden and occurs in aggregations with different size distributions. This study tests the hypothesis that different polyp sizes have different optimal flow regimes maximizing prey capture. Results showed that prey capture by M. senile is a function of both flo...

The size of teeth is one of the crucial factors affecting occlusion formation. In the occurrence of the crowding of dental strings, the size of teeth has a significant role. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the size of permanent frontal teeth (bicuspids) on the appearance of the crowding of the frontal segment of dental strings. The study included 140 subjects, aged 15-20 ...