Organisms can protect themselves against future environmental change. An example is cross-protection, where physiological adaptation against a present environmental stressor can protect an organism against a future stressor. Another is anticipation, where an organism uses information about its present environment to trigger gene expression and other physiological changes adaptive in future envi...

Genetic engineering offers a means of incorporating new virus resistance traits into existing desirable plant cultivars. The initial attempts to create transgenes conferring virus resistance were based on the pathogen-derived resistance concept. The expression of the viral coat protein gene in transgenic plants was shown to induce protective effects similar to classical cross protection, and wa...

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and the emergence of new variant strains complicates disease control. The present study investigated the genetic and protectotypic features of newly emerged Korean IBV strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that several recent isolates formed 2 different clusters (new cluster 1 and 2), w...

1 The most common metric for evaluating the performance of an optical communications system is the symbol error probability (SEP) versus the received optical power. In circuit-like optical systems employing binary transmission such as WDM, this SEP takes the form of the Bit Error Rate (BER) which is, in general, relatively constant. However, when considering an asynchronous multiple access Opti...

In this work, we present sensing performance using an architecture for a reconfigurable protocol chip for spacebased applications. Toward utilizing the IP packet architecture, utilizing data link layer framing structures for multiplexed data on a channel are the targeted application considered for demonstration purposes. Specifically, we examine three common framing standards and present the se...

Extending the findings of prior cross-sectional studies, this paper presents a longitudinal analysis of the drivers of e-Government maturity. We constructed a panel dataset for the period from 2003 to 2007 using data published by various authoritative sources. We fitted a mixed-effects regression model to the data to study how the growth of e-Government around the globe is influenced by changin...

Objective. In the United States, growth regulations aimed at environmental protection and better-quality urban areas have become very popular since the 1960s. Although many studies have examined the housing-price effects of local and regional growth management regulations, none has examined the effects of a state law. Past research has also tended to be cross-sectional, rather than longitudinal...

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Ireland and numbers are continuing to increase year on year. 1-3 90% of skin cancer is preventable with optimal sun protection. Our aims were to assess patients’ knowledge of sun protection, level of sun exposure and sun protection practices and to examine any correlations between these variables. A cross-sectional validated questionnaire-b...

This paper provides empirical evidence on the link between piracy and software protection, taking piracy determinants in cross–country regressions as basic reference. For that purpose, we use a panel data set for 24 countries over three years, 1994, 1997 and 2000, relating piracy rates to an index of software protection, per capita income and a set of country fixed effects. Results display that...

The papaya crop is severely affected by papaya ringspot virus (PSRV) worldwide. This review focuses on efforts to control the destructiveness of the disease caused by PSRV in Hawaii, starting from the use of cross protection to parasite-derived resistance with transgenic papaya expressing the PSRV coat protein gene. A chronology of the research effort is given and related to the development of ...