The world’s economic growth has decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many companies are experiencing financial distress, so they cannot pay off their maturing debts. Banks as lenders face risk of non-performing loans. increasing number unpaid loans will reduce a bank’s operating income and gain. contingency approach is used conditional factor that can increase effectiveness firm performance....

Luhmann (1984) defined society as a communication system which is structurally coupled to, but not an aggregate of, human action systems. The communication system is then considered as self-organizing ("autopoietic"), as are human actors. Communication systems can be studied by using Shannon's (1948) mathematical theory of communication. The update of a network by action at one of the local nod...

There has been considerable research suggesting ways to design foreign subsidiaries for multinational enterprises. Unfortunately, much of this research is fragmented and some is even contradictory. This study seeks to comprehensively integrate this research stream by distilling the extant literature around two key contingency factors: (1) governance environment of the host country, and (2) the ...

OBJECTIVES Middle-aged adults engage in support exchanges with generations above and below. This study investigated (a) how support to one generation is associated with support to the other and (b) factors accounting for whether parents or offspring receive more support in a family. METHODS Middle-aged adults aged 40-60 years (N = 633) completed telephone interviews regarding their relationsh...

Shanks (1991) reported experiments that show selective-learning effects in a categorization task, and presented simulations of his data using a connectionist network model implementing the Rescorla-Wagner (R-W) theory of animal conditioning. He concluded that his results (a) support the application of the R-W theory to account for human categorization, and (b) contradict a particular variant of...

In the last century, there was a general perception that scheduling theory highly irrelevant to practice. Many recent studies, however, have suggested applicability of approaches is intertwined with manufacturing environment in which task carried out. this paper we used constructs Contingency Theory suggest specific fits between and environments, after suggesting theory-practice gap production ...

We introduce contingency fees into the Reinganum and Wilde (1986) signaling model of litigation. The effect of contingency fees on settlement depends upon the details of the contingency fee contract and the nature of the informational asymmetry assumed in the model. Introducing bifurcated fee contracts where the contingency percentage is higher at trial changes the selection of disputes at tria...

Corruption poisons corporations in America and around the world, and has devastating consequences for the entire social fabric. In this article, we focus on organizational corruption, described as the abuse of authority for personal benefit, and draw on Weber’s three ideal-types of legitimate authority to develop a theoretical model to better understand the antecedents of different types of org...