Endophytic fungi promote plant growth through the production of IAA, siderophore and phosphate solubilization. Out of thirty fungal endophytes isolated from tomato roots grown in a stressed, cold climate of Central Himalayan hills of district Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, India twelve showed distinct morphological and study was undertaken, to understand the plant growth promoting properties possess...

Effect of sublethal heavy metal stress as plant biotic elicitor for triggering innate immunity in tomato plant was investigated. Copper in in vivo condition induced accumulation of defense enzymes like peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and β-1,3 glucanase along with higher accumulation of total phenol, antioxidative enzymes (catalase and ascorbate per...

Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ligation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine, with concomitant hydrolysis of ATP. In mammals, the activity eliminates cytotoxic ammonia, at the same time converting neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine; there are a number of links between changes in GS activity and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. In plants, because o...

Plant growth is directly dependent upon an adequate supply of fixed nitrogen. Water and fixed nitrogen are the most common limiting factors for plant growth.There is an abundance of nitrogen in the atmosphere, but it is in the form of the relatively inert gas, N2, and this must be converted chemically or biologically into a more active form before plants can utilize it. Chemical fixation most c...

With the increasing demand for renewable energy and sustainable waste treatment, biogas production is expanding. Approximately four billion litres of bio-ethanol are produced annually for vehicle fuel in Europe, resulting in the production of large amounts of stillage residues. This stillage is energy-rich and can be used for biogas production, but is a challenging substrate due to its high lev...

backgrounds and aims: ammonia removal from air to prevent severe damage to the environment and living organisms is very important. biofiltration is an efficient, easy, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process for degradation of ammonia from waste air. the aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of biological filtration using a compost and scallop bed for ammonia removal. ...

Three techniques for estimating rumen protein degradability were used together with in vivo apparent nitrogen digestibility estimates from sheep fed dried chopped Pangola grass or Siratro. The techniques used were 1) nitrogen disappearance from nylon bags suspended in the rumen, 2) S labelling of rumen microbial protein with plant nitrogen degradability calculated as the difference between micr...

The occurrence in bacteria of transferases, enzymes which catalyze the exchange of the p-aspartyl group of asparagine and the r-glutamyl group of glutamine with hydroxylamine or labeled ammonia, has been described (14). Transferase activities have also been found in extracts of mammalian tissues (5), in the mold Neurospora crassa,l and in extracts of green plants (6-8). Whereas transferase acti...

This short review outlines the central role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in plant nitrogen metabolism and discusses some possibilities for crop improvement. GS functions as the major assimilatory enzyme for ammonia produced from N fixation, and nitrate or ammonia nutrition. It also reassimilates ammonia released as a result of photorespiration and the breakdown of proteins and nitrogen transpor...

Composting is widely used to transform waste materials into valuable agricultural products. In the tropics, large quantities of agricultural wastes could be potentially useful in agriculture after composting. However, while microbiological processes of composts in general are well established, relatively little is known about microbial communities that may be unique to these in tropical systems...