A lot of researchers are concerned of orthographic neighborhood (N) effect (Andrews, 1989, 1992; Carreiras et al., 1997; Laxon et al., 1988; Peereman & Content, 1995; Sears et al., 2006), which can reflect how the potential word candidates with similar orthography affect the word naming task. In alphabetic writing systems, orthographic neighborhood refers to a word pool, which is consisted by c...

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There has been mounting concern among social scientists that conclusions from studies conducted on highly educated populations from affluent European cultures may have limited applicability to human behavior in general (Henrich et al., 2010). Similar reservations have also been voiced in the fields of language (Evans and Levinson, 2009) and literacy (Share, 2008a; Frost, 2012). Reading research...

We develop a linear time algorithm algorithm for the following problem: given an ordered sequence of n real weights w1, w2, . . . , wn, construct a binary tree on n leaves labeled with those weights when read from left to right so that the maximum value of wi plus depth of the i-th leftmost leaf is minimized. This improves the previously known O(n logn) time solutions [2,11,13]. We also give a ...

Do the neural circuits for reading vary across culture? Reading of visually complex writing systems such as Chinese has been proposed to rely on areas outside the classical left-hemisphere network for alphabetic reading. Here, however, we show that, once potential confounds in cross-cultural comparisons are controlled for by presenting handwritten stimuli to both Chinese and French readers, the...

There has been less research on how children learn to spell than on how they learn to read, but a good deal is now known about spelling development. This article reviews studies of normative development, beginning with children’s early scribbles and proceeding to prephonological spelling involving letters, phonologically influenced invented spelling, and more advanced spelling. Most of the stud...

An asymmetric one-mode data matrix has rows and columns that correspond to the same set of objects. However, the roles of the objects frequently differ for the rows and the columns. For example, in a visual alphabetic confusion matrix from an experimental psychology study, both the rows and columns pertain to letters of the alphabet. Yet the rows correspond to the presented stimulus letter, whe...