Introduction: Opiates cause dependency via affect on central nervous system. Locus coeruleus nucleus is a main group of noradrenergic neurons in the brain that plays an important role in the expression of opioid withdrawal signs. During opioid withdrawal, brain waves change in addition to physical and behavioral signs. In this study, we examined the effects of locus coeruleus electrical sti...

The possible interactions between Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) and nicotine remain unclear in spite of the current association of cannabis and tobacco in humans. The aim of the present study was to explore the interactions between these two drugs of abuse by evaluating the consequences of Delta9-THC administration on the somatic manifestations and the aversive motivational state ass...

Recent theories suggest that drug withdrawal does not motivate drug use and relapse. However, data now show that withdrawal produces complex changes over time in at least two symptoms (i.e., negative affect and urges) that are highly predictive of relapse. Evidence suggests that falling levels of the drug in the blood and interruption of the drug self-administration ritual both affect these sym...

Aloe vera is a herbal medicine for skin therapeutical objects. Many products like pomade, cream, gel, and shampoo for skin injuries have been made from this plant. Sometimes, the powder of this plant has also been used by mothers to keep out their infants from breast-feeding. In some of the books, this plant has been introduced as an opioid–receptors antagonist. In this study, 30 male mice (45-...

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that plants Avena sativa, Hypericum perforatum, Passiflora incarnata and Lavandula officinalis can affect nervous system and reduce neural excitability and pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a mixture of these four plant’s alcoholic extract on morphine withdrawal symptoms. Methods: Experiments were performed on four animal...

Adaptations in neurons of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) induced by chronic morphine treatment mediate expression of many signs of opioid withdrawal. The abnormally elevated action potential rate of opioid-sensitive PAG neurons is a likely cellular mechanism for withdrawal expression. We report here that opioid withdrawal in vitro induced an opioid-sensitive cation current that was medi...

Bupropion is a unique and non-nicotine smoke cessation agent, it using drugs under FDA approval despite its antidepressant effect. In the current study, we considered short-term interaction of bupropion, adrenoceptors proprietary agonists antagonists (phenylephrine, prazosin, clonidine yohimbine) in intra VTA injection on naloxone precipitated withdrawal symptoms. The guide cannulae were implan...