Generative educational assessments such as essays or drawings allow students to express their ideas. They provide more insight into student knowledge than most multiplechoice items. Formative guidance on generative items can help students engage deeply with material by encouraging students to e↵ectively revise their work. Generative items promote scientific inquiry by eliciting a variety of res...

Drawing on sociological role theory, this chapter introduces and explains the distinction between cosmopolitan and local role orientations as status categories in international teams. Qualitative data from a multimethod field study conducted at a leading international development agency illustrates that the high status of cosmopolitans and locals in this setting was based on expectations that t...

The perception that obstetrical nurses have of their competence in assisting hospital deliveries has been investigated in this qualitative study. Data collection was performed through individual semi-structured interviews at a university hospital in Porto Alegre, and was then submitted to content analysis. The analyses were grounded on frameworks that define professional competence as the abili...

In this case study in knowledge engineering and data mining, we implement a recognizer for two variations of thèbull ¯ag' technical charting heuristic and use this recognizer to discover trading rules on the NYSE Composite Index. Out-of-sample results indicate that these rules are effective. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper attempts to bridge the languages of traditional technical graphics and scientific data visualization. A theoretical structure for guiding the generation and description of scientific visualizations is proposed. Examples are given as to how this structure can be used to generate visualizations of ÔsystemsÕ that might be explored by a scientist, engineer, or technician. Finally, how th...

Using a large, individual-level wage data set, we examine the impact of a major technological innovation—the steam engine—on the demand for skills in the merchant shipping industry. We find that the technical change created a new demand for engineers, a skilled occupation. It had a deskilling effect on production work— moderately skilled able-bodied seamen were replaced by unskilled engine room...

Computer games have increasingly been the focus of user-led innovations in the form of game mods. This paper examines how different kinds of socio-technical affordances serve to organize the actions of the people who develop and share their game mods. The affordances examined include customization and tailoring mechanisms, software and content copyright licenses, game software infrastructure an...

Purpose – The proliferation and advance of web-based technologies create expanded opportunities for retailers to gain a better understanding of their customers. However, the success of these web-based discussion boards depends solely on whether customers are willing to share their knowledge and experience with other customers in these discussion boards. Thus, this study aims at identifying the ...

What types of human and social capital identify the emergence of leaders of open innovation communities? Consistent with the norms of an engineering culture, we find that future leaders must first make strong technical contributions. Beyond technical contributions, they must then integrate their communities in order to mobilize volunteers and avoid the ever-present danger of forking and balkani...