An optical configuration is presented for simultaneous measurement of out-of-plane displacement and slope change in electronic speckle pattern interferometry. Experimental results for a rectangular plate clamped along the edges and loaded at the center are presented.

land use change may influence many natural phenomena and ecological processes, including runoff, soil erosion, sedimentation and soil conditions. decreasing of forest area in the north of iran is one of the critical problems in recent years. the aims of this study are to detect land use changes between 1967 to 2002 using satellite images of land sat 7 etm+ (2002), aerial photos and digital topo...

this study aims at testing the degree of stability for beta coefficient across time, depending on the information available from tehran bourse. where beta coefficient was calculated using the market model developed by sharp on 1963, which applies by performing a simple linear regression between the company’s and the market returns, where beta coefficient is the slope of this regression. in this...

Leaf characteristics of two representative deciduous-tree species in Korean peninsula were compared to assess directional ridge effect on leaf traits of both species. Leaf mass per unit area (LMA) of Rhododendron schilippenbachii in south-facing ridge slope was significantly higher than that in north-facing ridge slope, while Quercus mongolica did not change LMA. Leaf mass of Q. mongolica was i...

Roach and Burton (1) described two important changes in arterial walls with advancing age. One is an increase in collagenous fibers causing loss of distensibility with increase in the slope dP/ dV of arterial pressure-volume curves. The other is a decrease in the unstretched length of these collagenous fibers as the "slack" in them is taken up, possibly by cross linkages and adhesions. This cha...

In this study, ETo was calculated using FAO-56 Penman Monteith method. Lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient was performed to detect the presence of serially correlation in data series. Mann-Kendall (MK) or Modified Mann Kendall (MMK) and Spearman’s rho test were applied to detect the trend in annual and monthly ETo at 8 districts over 49 years (1960–2008) in the Soenath river basin, Chhattisgarh (...

The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for millennia, technological developments now allow exploitation of fisheries resources, hydrocarbons and minerals below 2000 m depth. The remoteness of the deep seafloor has promoted the disposal of residues and litter. O...

In the Mediterranean region there is growing concern for the potential increase in erosion risk associated with climate change and increasing storm frequency. The central Ebro basin is the region facing the greatest problems of desertification in northern Spain and there is a need to assemble information on short-term erosion rates associated with individual storm events. The Be technique offer...