The theory of games is now over 50 years old. Its applications and misapplications abound. It is now "respectable". Bright young economic theorists bucking for promotion need to be aware of agency theory, reputation theory, the new industrial organization, auction theory, refinements of equilibria, perfect equilibria, trembling hand equilibria, strong equilibria, Bayesian equilibria, problems w...

A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the the universe as automaton from simplicity and symmetry to complexity is one book that we real...

the present paper, through the linguistic analysis of mulla sadra's philosophical views, has shown that a single linguistic model can be applied to the analysis of all his philosophical views. to this end, based on two linguistic theories regarding the semantic structure of derivation, it is illustrated that mulla sadra’s philosophical views conform to the linguistic model of semantic simp...

CONSIDERABLE UNCERTAINTY existed regarding the magnitude of pulmonary dead space in the immediate post-World War II era. The dead space concept was originated by Bohr (2), who viewed total ventilation as composed of two distinct, but homogeneous, components—alveolar ventilation that participated fully in gas exchange and dead space ventilation in which no respiratory exchange occurred. With kno...

Models of varying complexity are available to provide estimates of recharge in headwater Chalk catchments. Some measure of how estimates vary between different models can help guide the choice of model for a particular application. This paper compares recharge estimates derived from four models employing input data at varying spatial resolutions for a Chalk headwater catchment (River Pang, UK) ...

This review article is a response to the way the editors of and contributors to Simplicity and Complexity in Creoles and Pidgins respond to McWhorter’s (2001) claim that creoles have the world’s simplest grammars. Although I agree with the contributors that creoles are not as simple as they may look to some, I express several concerns about the ways they (fail to) raise and/or address some fund...

Darwin's classic image of a 'tangled bank' of interdependencies among species has long suggested the difficulty of predicting how the loss of one species alters the abundance of others 1. We show that for dynamical models of realistically structured ecological networks in which pair-wise consumer-resource interactions scale according to allometric ¾ power rules suggested by metabolic theory 2,3...

Marshall et al. [1] critique recent evolutionary explanation of decision-making biases, focusing on Johnson and Fow ler’s model of overconfidence [2] and Trivers’ model of self deception [3]. We agree with Marshall et al.’s central prem ise that a Bayesian decision-maker would also be able t optimize fitness in these settings (see their Box 2). Howev er, as their Figure 1 makes clear, the point...

been made by using model systems of limited complexity, such as cancer cells in vitro and oncogenic viruses. The use of cell cultures avoided the complexity of the whole animal but not the complexity of the animal genome. The use of oncogenic viruses seemed to circumvent this complexity by replacing it with the extraordinary simplicity of the viral genome. This simplicity made the study of viru...