High yielding synthetic routes to 3’,5’-diamino-2’,3’,5’-trideoxycytidine and 3’,5’-diamino-2’,3’,5’-trideoxyadenosine are described. In addition, the protonation behavior of 3’,5’-diamino-2’,3’,5’-trideoxycytidine, 3’,5’-diamino-2’,3’,5’-trideoxyadenosine, 3’,5’diamino-3’,5’-dideoxythymidine, and 3’,5’-diamino-2’,3’,5’-trideoxyuridine has been studied by means of pH-metric measurements and NMR...

Kilogram-scale preparation of near infrared (NIR) carbon dots (C-dots) from o-phenylenediamine (o-PDA) with over 96% yield was reported in this study, and the estimated cost for each gram C-dots only $ 0.1. The formation process elucidated structural model also proposed which key intermediates were revealed. Excitingly, optical properties could be reversibly tuned via a facile protonation-depro...

Protonation is an important process relating to various fields, such as biological reactions, and organic chemical synthesis. The determining position of protonation has been involved many challenging issues which are usually impossible directly predict the positions attaching protons from structures molecules. However, predicting for aromatic rings particularly since it decides form preferred ...

The use of macroscopic electrostatic models to calculate the relative energetics of protonation states and the pH-titration properties of ionizable groups in proteins is described. These methods treat the protein as an irregularly-shaped low-dielectric object containing embedded atomic charges immersed in a high-dielectric (solvent) medium. The energetics of altering protonation states then inv...

Small ribozymes use their nucleobases to catalyse phosphodiester bond cleavage. The hepatitis delta virus ribozyme employs C75 as a general acid to protonate the 5'-bridging oxygen leaving group, and to accomplish this task efficiently, it shifts its pKa towards neutrality. Simulations and thermodynamic experiments implicate linkage between folding and protonation in nucleobase pKa shifting. Ev...