The author discusses the abductive theory of method (ATOM) by Brian Haig from a philosophical perspective, connecting his theory with a number of issues and trends in contemporary philosophy of science. It is argued that as it stands, the methodology presented by Haig is too permissive. Both the use of analogical reasoning and the application of exploratory factor analysis leave us with too man...

My discussion will be focussed on the notion of a property. I first present the standard intensional definition of a property, which is formulated in terms of possible worlds, and outline some of the philosophical problems this definition leads to. Then I introduce the notion of a conceptual space and show how such spaces can be used as a basis for a new criterion of what a property is. This cr...

We review several instances where cognitive research has identified distinct psychological mechanisms for moral judgment that yield conflicting answers to moral dilemmas. In each of these cases, the conflict between psychological mechanisms is paralleled by prominent philosophical debates between different moral theories. A parsimonious account of this data is that key claims supporting differe...

Aspects of Reason offers a sketch of parts of an ambitious project to derive important philosophical consequences from the idea of a rational being, with hopes of improving on Aristotle and Kant. Jonathan Dancy offers a good account and critique of this project.1 In this review, I will mention and discuss some important things that Grice says along the way about what reasoning is, what reasons ...

A plausible philosophical characterization of moral reasoning need not be an oracle for the resolution of difficult moral questions for it to be a significant influence in how a person deliberates about such questions. Reflection upon a particular account may, for instance, have consequences for a person’s standing judgments concerning the kinds of consideration that are relevant for thinking a...

Abstract Bayesianism can be characterized as the following twofold position: (i) rational credences obey probability calculus; (ii) learning, i.e., updating of credences, is regulated by some form conditionalization. While formal aspect various forms conditionalization has been explored in detail, philosophical application to learning from experience still deeply problematic. Some philosophers ...

Al-Farabi adalah seorang ilmuan dan filsuf muslim terkemuka, pemikirannya banyak dirujuk oleh berbagai kalangan, terutama di lingkup akademik dengan disiplin. Pemikiran filsafatnya dipengaruhi pemikiran filsafat Yunani. Salah satu yang saat ini masih relevan untuk dikaji tentang konsep akal bertingkat, dimana mengkonsepsikan ke dalam sepuluh tingkatan. al-farabi bertingkat sedikit perseptif neu...

In exploring the question of how humans reason in ambiguous situations or in the absence of complete information, we stumbled onto a body of knowledge that addresses issues beyond the original scope of our effort. We have begun to understand the importance that philosophy, in particular the work of C. S. Peirce, plays in developing models of human cognition and of information theory in general....

Abstract This paper makes a first step towards logic of learning from experiments. For this, we investigate formal frameworks for modeling the interaction causal and (qualitative) epistemic reasoning. Crucial our approach is idea that notion an intervention can be used as expression (real or hypothetical) experiment (Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, Inference, 2nd edn. Cambridge Unive...